Transcript Andrew Jackson - Bethel Local Schools

According to Daniel Webster, Thomas
Jefferson in retirement said of
Jackson in December of 1824 during
a meeting with Webster:
"I feel much alarmed at the prospect
of seeing General Jackson President.
He is one of the most unfit men I
know of for such a place. He has had
very little respect for laws or
constitutions, and is, in fact, an able
military chief. His passions are
terrible. When I was President of the
Senate he was a Senator; and he
could never speak on account of the
rashness of his feelings. I have seen
him attempt it repeatedly, and as
often choke with rage. His passions
are no doubt cooler now; he has been
much tried since I knew him, but he
is a dangerous man.
THE
TURBULENT
ERA:
Riot & Disorder
in Jacksonian
America
Andrew Jackson
(March 15, 1767– June 8, 1845)

Seventh President of the United
States (1829-1837), first
governor of Florida (1821),
general of the Battle of New
Orleans (1815), a co-founder of
the Democratic Party, and the
eponym of the era of Jacksonian
democracy.

He was a polarizing figure who
helped shape the Second Party
System of American politics in the
1820s and 1830s.
Old Hickory

Nicknamed "Old
Hickory," because he
was known for his
toughness, Jackson
was the first President
primarily associated
with the American
frontier (although
born in South
Carolina, he spent
most of his life in
Tennessee).
Anglophobia
A Little History

Andrew and his brother Robert Jackson were taken as prisoners during the American
Revolution, and they nearly starved to death.

When Andrew refused to clean the boots of a British officer, the irate redcoat slashed at
him, giving him scars on his left hand and head, as well as an intense hatred for the British.

Both of them contracted small pox while imprisoned, and Robert died days after their
release.

In addition, another of Jackson's brothers and his mother—his entire remaining family—died
from war-time hardships that Jackson also blamed upon the British.

This anglophobia would help to inspire a distrust and dislike of Eastern "aristocrats", whom
Jackson felt were too inclined to favor and emulate their former colonial "masters". Jackson
admired Napoleon Bonaparte for his willingness to contest British military supremacy
Was Rachel a
Bigamist?

Jackson met Rachel after her first
husband, Colonel Lewis Robards, left
her to get a divorce.

They fell in love and quickly married.
Robards returned two years later
without ever having obtained a
divorce.

Rachel quickly divorced her first
husband and then legally married
Jackson. This remained a sore point
for Jackson who deeply resented
attacks on his wife's honor.

Jackson fought 103 duels, many
nominally over his wife's honor.
“Rattled Like a Bag of Marbles”

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Charles Dickinson, the only man Jackson
ever killed in a duel, had been goaded into
angering Jackson by Jackson's political
opponents.
Nominally fought over a horse-racing debt
and an insult to his wife on May 30, 1806,
Dickinson shot Jackson in the ribs before
Jackson returned the fatal shot.
The bullet that struck Jackson was so
close to his heart that it could never be
safely removed.
Jackson had been wounded so frequently
in duels that it was said he "rattled like a
bag of marbles." . At times he would
cough up blood, and he experienced
considerable pain from his wounds for the
rest of his life.
Adopted Sons


Rachel died of an unknown cause two
months prior to Jackson taking office as
President.
Jackson blamed John Quincy Adams for
Rachel's death because the marital scandal
was brought up in the election of 1828.

He felt that this had hastened her death
and never forgave Adams.

Jackson had two adopted sons, Andrew
Jackson Jr., the son of Rachel's brother
Severn Donelson, and Lyncoya, a Creek
Indian orphan adopted by Jackson after
the Creek War.

Lyncoya died in 1828 at age 16, probably
from pneumonia or tuberculosis.
A Lawyer with No Education?

Jackson came to Tennessee by 1787.
Though he barely read law, he found
he knew enough to become a young
lawyer on the frontier.

Since he was not from a distinguished
family, he had to make his career by
his own merits.

He was elected as Tennessee's first
Congressman, and quickly became a
U.S. Senator in 1797 but resigned
within a year.
In 1798, he was appointed judge on
the Tennessee Supreme Court.

Brief Military History
Preceding Jackson

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During Napoleon’s rule in France, the French
inflicted terrible losses on American shipping.
Secretary of State Timothy Pickering reported to
Congress on 21 June 1797 that the French had
captured 316 American merchant ships in the
previous eleven months.
The hostilities caused insurance rates on American
shipping to increase at least 500 percent, as French
marauders cruised the length of the U.S. Atlantic
seaboard virtually unopposed.
No Warships

The administration had no
warships to combat them; the
last had been sold off in 1785.
The United States possessed
only a flotilla of revenue
cutters and some neglected
coastal forts.

The United States Congress
authorized the President to
acquire, arm, and man no
more than twelve vessels, of
up to twenty-two guns each.

Under the terms of this act,
several vessels were
purchased and converted into
ships of war.
Beginning of Quasi War


July 7, 1798, when
Congress rescinded
treaties with
France, can be
considered a semiofficial beginning of
the Quasi War.
The act of 7 July
was followed two
days later with
Congressional
authorization to
attack French
vessels.
So What is The
Quasi-War?

Was an undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France
from 1798 to 1800.

In the summer of 1785, pirates from Algiers captured two American merchant ships
and held the 21 men aboard them for ransom. The United States offered $4,200 for
the captives.

The ruler of Algiers, called the dey, demanded nearly $60,000.

In 1790, pirates from Algiers captured 11 American ships and more than 100
prisoners to add to those already held for ransom.

This shocking news produced a serious debate in the newly formed U.S. Congress
over the need to build a navy.

But it took five years before Congress authorized the construction of six warships.
The Americans refused, and negotiations dragged on for more than 10 years.

John Adams favored paying tribute as the cheapest way to get American commerce
moving again in the Mediterranean.

Jefferson disagreed. He saw no end to the demands for tribute. He wanted matters
settled "through the medium of war" and proposed a league of trading nations to
force the end of Barbary piracy.
Encouraged US Congress to
Build a Navy
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In the United States, the conflict is sometimes
also referred to as the Undeclared War with
France, The Pirate Wars, or the Half-War.
Finally, in 1796, the United States signed a
peace treaty with Algiers.
The United States agreed to pay $642,500 plus
annual tribute of naval supplies and presents to
the dey.
In exchange, the dey promised to release of the
American captives and protect American
shipping.
The United States had to borrow money to make
the primary tribute payment.
Canceled Treaty of Alliance
of 1778


France finally agreed to
cancel the Treaty of
Alliance of 1778 if the
United States dropped
financial claims
resulting from recent
seizures of American
merchant shipping.
The resulting
Convention of 1800
terminated the only
formal treaty of alliance
of the United States.
WAR OF 1812

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The United States declared War
on Great Britain on June 12,
1812.
The central dispute was
impressments of American
soldiers by the British.
The British had previously
attacked the USS Chesapeake
and nearly caused a war two
year earlier.
Disputes continued with Great
Britain over the Northwest
Territories and the border with
Canada.
Finally, the attempts of Great
Britain to impose a blockade on
France during the Napoleonic
Wars was a constant source of
conflict with the United States.
War of 1812
One of the “Forgotten Wars” of the United States

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The war lasted for over two years, and while it ended
much like it started; in stalemate;
In fact it once and for all confirmed American
Independence.
The offensive actions of the United States failed in every
attempt to capture Canada.
On the other hand, the British army was successfully
stopped when it attempted to capture Baltimore and New
Orleans.
There were a number of American naval victories in which
American vessels proved themselves superior to similarly
sized British vessels.
These victories coming after victories in the Quasi War (an
even more forgotten war) launched American naval
traditions.
Obj: The negotiations that led to the Webster-Ashburton
Treaty, and the importance of the treaty in Anglo-American
relations.

The Webster-Ashburton Treaty, signed August 9, 1842, settled the dispute
over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border between the United
States and Canada, then a colony of Britain. (at the 49th parallel)

It also called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, to be
enforced by both signatories; and agreed on terms for shared use of the
Great Lakes.

The treaty was signed by US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and United
Kingdom Lord Ashburton.

This treaty marked the end of unofficial fighting (known informally as
the Aroostook or Lumberjack's War) along the Maine-New Brunswick
border and resolved issues that had led to the Indian Stream conflict
as well as the Caroline Affair.
Aroostook or Lumberjack's War
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The Aroostook War, also called the
Pork and Beans War, the CoonCanuck War, the Lumberjack's War
or the Northeastern Boundary
Dispute, was an undeclared
confrontation in 1838-39 between
Americans and the United Kingdom
regarding the international boundary
between British North America and the
United States.
American woodsmen were sent to
agitate against the British and press
American claims.
On 04 July, 1827 an "American" flag
was raised on the western side of the
junction of what is now Baker Brook
and the St. John River.
John Baker was subsequently arrested
by British Colonial authorities, fined
£25, and jailed until he paid his fine.
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In 1837, Governor Robert Dunlap of
Maine, issued a general order
announcing that Maine had been invaded
by a foreign power.
New Brunswick loggers seized the
American land agent, Rufus McIntire,
who was exercising jurisdiction.
The "war" was now under way, led by
the governors of the respective sides,
Maine and New Brunswick called out
their militiamen, and the United States
Congress authorized a force of 50,000
men.
Maine only committed somewhere
between 3,000 and 10,000 troops to the
conflict, and these never actually left
their garrison
President Martin Van Buren dispatched
General Winfield Scott and New
Brunswick sent Governor Harvey to the
"war zone," and the men arranged an
agreement in March of 1839 between
officials of Maine and New Brunswick
that averted actual fighting.
MONROE DOCTRINE
1823

America's diplomatic
position
• American continents no longer
open to colonization by
European powers.
• Warning against any
interference by
European powers into
the revolutionary powers of
Latin America

The American
continents henceforth
are not to be considered
as subjects for future
colonization by any
European Powers…”
James Monroe
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 18151824

Good relationships between U.S. &
Britain after war
• Demilitarization of Great Lakes
• (Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817)
• American fishing rights/Canadian waters
1818
• 49th parallel from head of Mississippi to Rockies
• Joint occupation of Oregon country
Major
Rivers,
Roads,
and
Canals,
1825–
1860
Population Distribution,
1790 and 1850
American
Cities,
1820
American
Cities,
1860
Election of 1824
“Bargain and Corruption”

John Quincy Adams 1824-1828
• National Republican Party
• Clay's American System
• (N.E. & Ohio River Valley)
• Democratic Republican Party
• Jackson, Calhoun & Martin Van Buren
John Quincy Adams
Candidate Electoral Popular House
Vote
Vote
Vote
Jackson
99
153,544
7
Henry Clay
Adams
84
108,740
13
Crawford
41
46,618
4
Clay
37
47,136
-
Things to consider
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Expansion & reduction of democracy
Deepening of slavery
Mass political movements
Religion and politics
Indian sovereignty & U.S. democracy6.
Transformation of the Economy and Society in
Antebellum America
The transportation revolution and creation of a
national market economy
Beginnings of industrialization and changes in social
and class structures
Immigration and nativist reaction
Planters, yeoman farmers, and slaves in the cotton
South
Jacksonian America, 1824-45
I. Democratizing
America?
II. Religious Fervor
III. Rise of Andrew
Jackson
IV. Indian Policy
V. Political Parties
JACKSONIAN ERA 1824 – 1840
Obj: The debate among historians
about the meaning of "Jacksonian Democracy“

Jacksonian Democracy
• Popular Sovereignty
• Politicians promised voters what they
wanted
• Strong support of the Labor movement
Andrew Jackson Travels
to Washington
(Library of Congress)
Andrew Jackson
Symbol for an Age
The
student will understand
how Andrew Jackson served
as a symbol for the age in
which he lived by identifying
the characteristics of the
distinct American culture that
was developing on the
Western frontier through the
examination of primary
sources drawn from American
art, music, and literature
produced during the Age of
Jackson.
POPULAR WILL -----> PUBLIC POLICY


JACKSON 1828-1836
Jackson - the people's
man
 vigorous leadership
 egalitarian
 any honest citizen can
represent
in government
 the people themselves
should decide on
public Policy
 "spoils system"
• offices given as a
reward for their support
The Election
of 1828
Jackson’s Inauguration Party
The democratization of the electorate that took place
during Andrew Jackson's presidency, and those groups left
out of this political transformation.
-No property
-Popular election of
officials
-Non-farming groups
-Voters chose
electors & Pres
-All white male
political equality
Reducing Democracy
-Citizen defined practically as white and male
-Women lacked voting rights: treated as male
property, no legal status
-Increased oppression of blacks
*Growth of slave codes
*Punishment against free blacks
*Racial inferiorities “biological”
*Slave rebellions
Voting Requirements
Voter Turnout
Changes during Jacksonian
America

White male suffrage increased

Party nominating committees.

Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors.

Spoils system.
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Rise of Third Parties.
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Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)

Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:
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Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs(1832)  Republicans
(1854)
Democrats (1828)
Population Center
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
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Cotton Belt from North Carolina to
Louisiana
• 18th century machinery to
manufacture cotton
cloth cheaply
• difficulty of separating fibers from
the seeds
• Eli Whitney 1793 (Cotton Gin)
Spectacular Expansion of Cotton in
19th century
• production 146,000 bales in 1814
• 349,000 bales in 1819
THE MARKET REVOLUTION
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Three stages in the development of
the American
economy
 a staple exporting economy
• (tobacco, grain etc. for
overseas)
 carrying trade (merchants)
 self sufficiency in economic
activities
Trends
 Exporting economy of 18th cent.
 --> trading economy -->national
market economy
 diversity --> specialty
 limited local trade --> national
market system
 gains in efficiency/productivity -->
rapid growth
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION


• Turnpikes • Steamboat • Canals • Railroads
Enterprise/Public Policy
• " MIXED
ENTERPRISE"
• to accomplish
ends beneficial to
public
The Turnpike, Steamboat,
Railroad Companies were the
forerunners the modern
corporation
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Trends Agriculture -->
Manufacturing
Rural ----> Urban
 90% farmers (colonial)
 97% non-farmers (today)
Importance of machines
• Power to propel new
machines
• water--> steam --> coal -->
electricity

Factory system
 replaced skilled craftsmen
 mass production
 mostly women & children
 no assembly line until 1900's
NATIONALISM.

Factors contributing to it
• Monroe Doctrine
• Marshall's Court
Decisions
• Clay's American
System
• National Markets
ROMANTICISM AND REFORMS
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Utopian Age
• Americans love the new
pursuit of money, of
individualism, in which
relationships constantly
change
• A cultural development of
the United States that
grew out18th century
Enlightenment
Romanticism
• a new configuration of
ideas/attitudes
• world designed for man's
happiness
• emphasized man's ability
Romantic Movements

TRANSCENDENTALISM - to
rise above reason
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• James Fenimore Cooper
• Herman Melville
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ROMANTIC CHRISTIANITY
• increasingly self-reliant,
optimistic/individualistic
• GREAT REVIVAL OF
1800-1825
• Love is the essence of
Christian Life
UTOPIANISM
“Communities without sin”
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Religious Utopians
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Shakers - celibacy
Oneida, N.Y. - complex
marriage
Mormons - polygamy
Secular Utopians
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New Harmony, Indiana
Brook Farm, MA
Fouriersts - creation of
phalanzes
Religious and Utopian
Communities, 1800–1845
Symbol for the Age
OBJ: Andrew Jackson's philosophy of government
and his impact on the office of the presidency.


The Age of Jackson
ushered in a new
democratic spirit in
American politics.
The election of Andrew
Jackson came in a time
when the mass of
American people, who had
previously been content
with rule by the
“aristocracy,” participated
in the electoral process.
Essential Understandings

The distinction
between “aristocrat”
and common man
was disappearing as
new states provided
for universal
manhood suffrage,
while the older states
were lowering
property
requirements for
voting.
Presidential Precedent with Bank Veto
Obj: The motivations animating Jackson's Bank War, and the effects
of the Bank War on the American financial system.

Panic of 1837: The economic
situation that resulted from
reckless speculation that led to
bank failures and dissatisfaction
with the use of state banks as
depositories for public funds.

Jackson’s veto of legislation to
recharter the bank of the United
States made the presidential veto
part of the legislative process, as
Congress, from then on, was
forced to consider a presidential
veto when proposing legislation.
Obj: The causes of the Panic of 1837, and the effect of the
panic on the presidency of Van Buren.
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Distrusting the bank as
an undemocratic tool
of the Eastern elite,
Jackson vetoed the
rechartering of the
bank in 1832.
Jackson’s bank veto
became the central
issue in the election of
1832, as Henry Clay,
the National
Republican candidate,
supported the bank.
Bank of the United States


Jackson’s reelection
brought an end to the
bank, as Jackson
withdrew government
money and deposited
it in state banks.
His actions caused a
major economic
depression, resulting
in the Panic of 1837.