Transcript Unit 4 - Jacksonian Democracy

Jacksonian
Democracy
Essential Question:
How did America evolve towards
greater democracy between 1800 &
1840?
Class Discussion:
What did America change from 1800 to 1830?
The Growth of Democracy
■ From 1800 to 1840, democracy
increased in America:
– Before 1800, less than 50% of white men
could vote because of property & tax
restrictions
– By 1840, these restrictions were
removed
• Allowed 90% of “common” white men to vote
• “Universal white male suffrage”
Because more “common men” could vote,
political parties used new techniques to get votes
Campaigns, parades, &
slogans that appealed
to the “common man”
Well organized political
parties to rally voters
As a result of these changes, the
1830s & 1840s saw massive
increases in voter turnout in
elections
“Democratizing”
Politics
Voter Turnout
■ 1824 – 300,000
■ 1840 – 2.4 million
“Corrupt Bargain” in 1824
■ Henry Clay
gathered support
for J.Q. Adams
■ Adams appoints
Clay as Secretary
of State
CORRUPT
BARGAIN!!!!!
1. George
Washington ■ In 1828, Andrew Jackson
2. John Adams was elected president:
3. Thomas
Jefferson
– The first “common man”
4. James
candidate (Old Hickory)
Madison
– He split from Jefferson’s
5. James
Democratic-Republican Party
Monroe
& helped form the
6. John Q.
Adams
Democratic Party
7. Andrew
(the 1st modern party)
Jackson
– He greatly expanded
presidential power
“Old Hickory” Wins
(1828)
■ Ran on a platform celebrating the
“common man,” or average American
 Southerners
 Saw him as one of their own (slaveholder)
 The hero of the Battle of New Orleans
 Northern laborers
 Hard working, self made man
 Westerners
 Portrayed the rugged, frontier-man image
 Indian fighter
Jackson’s
& rowdy
inauguration
Who wild
is Andrew
Jackson?
Changing Politics Under Jackson
■ President Jackson changed American government:
– Rewarded loyal supporters with gov’t jobs
(spoils system)
• Political system based on “to the victor go the
spoils of the enemy”
• Replaced former appointees of Adams
administration with friends/supporters
– Used presidential veto more often than any
president for the next 100 years
– Critics of Jackson’s Democrats formed the
Whig Party (which maintained the two-party
system)
Political Parties Family Tree
The 1st Two-Party System
Democratic-Repubs
Federalists
Leader of the
party?
■ Thomas Jefferson
■ Alexander
Hamilton
■ States’ rights
&
■
Strong
national
Beliefs about gov’t?
individual liberties
government
■ Strict interpretation
Loose interpretation
Interpreting the■Constitution?
of the Constitution
of the Constitution
■ Strongest
supportregional
■ Strongest
Strongest
support?support
in South & West
in the North
■ Supported
byAmerican
■ Supported
byparty?
the
What type of
supported the
common farmers
wealthy
The 2nd Two-Party System
Democrats
Whigs
■ Pro-Jackson
■
Jackson’s
Who formed the party?
supporters
opponents
■ States’ rights,
■ Strong central gov’t,
about government?
farming, Beliefs
& Western
industry, trade, &
expansion
national banks
■ Supported in the
■ Supported in NE,
What type of American supported the party?
South & West, by
by merchants &
common farmers
bankers
“The County Election” by George Caleb Bingham (1851)
Do you think Bingham is a supporter or opponent of Jacksonian Democracy?
Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency
■Jackson’s 8 years as president
were defined by 3 controversies:
–In 1830, Jackson signed the
Indian Removal Act to remove
remaining Indians from the
East
Efforts to “Americanize” the Native Americans
■ Five “Civilized” Tribes
– Cherokee
– Chickasaw
– Creek
– Choctaw
– Seminoles
Indian Removal
■ Jackson faced a problem with
Indians in the American South:
– Gold was discovered in north Georgia
in 1828 in lands controlled by the
Cherokee who refused to move from
GA
– Jackson pushed Congress for the
Indian Removal Act of 1830 to relocate
Indians across the Mississippi River
Since the arrival of Europeans, the Cherokee
saw their territory slowly taken away
Indian Removal Act of 1830
1823 - Supreme Court handed down decision which
stated:
 Indians could occupy lands within the United States, but could
not hold title to those lands.
 Their "right of occupancy" was subordinate to United States'
"right of discovery."
Jackson pushed Indian Removal Act through Congress
 Gave president power to negotiate removal treaties with
Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi.
 Indians would give up lands in the east for lands in the west
 Those wishing to remain in the east would become citizens of
their home state
The Cherokee were not removed earlier than the
1830s because they were highly civilized & did
not fit the “traditional Indian” stereotype
The
TheCherokee
Cherokeehad
dida not
written
go
alphabet,
to war. When
democratically
Congress
passed
elected
theleaders,
Indian &
Removal
were
Act,
skilled
they sued
farmers
in the
Supreme Court…and won!
But, the state of Georgia &
President Jackson ignored
the Supreme Court & took
Indian lands anyway
Sequoyah’s Syllabary
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
■ GA passes laws stripping Cherokee of
rights (land)
■ Cherokee sought injunction – “order to stop”
■ Court ruled:
– Cherokee were “foreign nation,” but also
people within U.S. boundaries
– “Foreign nations” as included in
Constitution, did not include “Indian
nations” – case dismissed
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
“Justice Marshall has
 Cherokee nation wins recognition as a
made his decision, now
distinct political
therefore
can’t
let’s group,
see him and
enforce
it”
have land invaded
 Jackson disagrees, goes around Supreme
Court
 Jackson forces Cherokee to sign a treaty
relocating them to reservation lands
 Treaty of New Echota
In 1838, the U.S. Army forced the
Cherokees west on the “Trail of Tears”
We Shall Remain
The Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears
 Mostly on foot
 From southeastern US to area
that is now Oklahoma
 1 out of 4 Cherokee people
died on the trip
 Difficult for those that
survived journey
 Land was different that the land they
were used to living on
Over 46,000 Native Americans
forcibly removed:
-
Choctaw
- 1st to sign removal treaty
-
Chickasaw
- Did not resist
-
Creek & Seminole
- Resisted
-
Cherokee
- 16,000 removed
Political Cartoon
■ How does this political
cartoon depict President
Jackson?
■ How are Native
Americans depicted in
this cartoon?
■ Do you agree with the
cartoonist’s viewpoint?
– Why or why not?
Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency
■ Jackson’s 8 years as president were
defined by 3 controversies:
–In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian
Removal Act to remove remaining
Indians from the East
–The Nullification Crisis (1832-33)
exposed sectionalism between the
states & national government
The Nullification Crisis
is the
argument that
states
■Nullification
By the 1830s,
sectionalism
was
have the right
to ignore
federal
laws
becoming
more
obvious,
especially
that
they
think
are
unfair
over the issue of tariffs:
– Southerners argued that tariffs helped
Northern industry but made prices
higher for farmers
– When Congress passed a high tariff in
1832, Southerners claimed “states’
rights” & threatened to nullify the tariff
Nullification Crisis, 1832
■ VP“IfJohn
Calhoun
■ President
a state
could nullify
a law of Jackson
from Souththe
Carolina
Congress,
Union could
not exist”
viewed
nullification
urged nullification
as a threat to U.S.
■ States have the right ■ The national gov’t
to protect
is supreme over the
themselves from the
individual
states
national government
■ As a last resort,
states can secede
from the Union
■ Urged Congress to
pass the Force Bill
to enforce the tariff
The Nullification Crisis
■ In 1833, Congress created a compromise
tariff & the crisis ended
■ Significance of Nullification Crisis:
– Revealed sectionalism between North &
South
– The South used “states’ rights” to argue that
secession was possible
– President Jackson was willing to use force to
protect the power of the national gov’t over
the states
Review
1. What was affirmed by the courts in the
case of McCulloch v. Maryland?
2. Jacksonian Democracy refers to what
change in American politics?
3. Describe the “spoils system”
4. The Nullification Crisis emerged over
what issue?
5. Describe Jackson’s treatment of the
Native Americans
Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency
■ Jackson’s 8 years as president were
defined by 3 controversies:
– In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian
Removal Act to remove remaining
Indians from the East
– The Nullification Crisis (1832-33)
exposed sectionalism between the
states & national government
– Jackson’s decision to kill the
Second Bank of the United States
In 1816, Congress created the
Second Bank of the U.S. as part of
Henry Clay’s American System
The BUS held ~$10 million in federal money
& loaned it to state banks which forced small
banks to be smart when issuing loans
State banks loaned money to individual
citizens, businesses, or local governments
to finance roads, canals, factories, & farms
The
Bank
War
Jackson
frequently
attacked
the
bank
as
Jackson’s veto did not immediately kill the
“dangerous
to people’s
liberties”
■ President
Jackson
hated
the
BUS…its
charter
would
not
end
for 4BUS:
years
–He thought it was unconstitutional
& gave too much power to the elite
–In 1832, he vetoed a law that
would have extended the charter
of the BUS another 20 years
–In 1833, he ordered all federal
money to be removed from the
BUS & put in 23 “pet” state banks
–Without the BUS, the economy
entered a 6-year recession
“King”
Andrew?
■ Jackson was
criticized as abusing
his Constitutional
powers as president
■ In what ways does
this image portray
such abuses?
Conclusions
■ Andrew Jackson represented a new
era in American democracy:
– Forming the Democratic Party,
campaigning for the votes of the
“common man,” & spoils system
– Jackson’s use of the veto strengthened
presidential power
– Opposition to Jackson led to the
permanent two-party system
Andrew Jackson’s
Report Card
■Using your knowledge of the
events that surrounded
Jackson’s presidency, play the
role of his teacher and assign
him a grade based on his
actions/performance in each
situation.