Transcript The Cold War

Please sit in a group of 3 or 4
Today you will be serving your nation as State Department Annalists
A.K.A. “Spies”
1
The Cold War
(1946-1990)
Guiding Question:
“What are the challenges of confrontation?”
2
Standards
• USH.6.1 Understand the domino theory and its relationship to the
principle of containment. Identify key events and individuals as well
as their connections to post World War II tensions.
• USH.6.2 Summarize and assess the various actions which
characterized the early struggle for civil rights (1945-1960).
• USH.6.3 Describe the constitutional significance and lasting societal
effects of the United States Brown v. Board of Education Supreme
Court case.
• USH.6.4 Summarize key economic and social changes in post-WW II
American life.
3
Main Vocabulary and Key Concepts
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Communism & US Response
Iron Curtain
Satellite Nations
Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin Airlift,
NATO
Kennan Telegram & Containment
Domino Theory
Truman’s Limited War v Eisenhower’s
Brinkmanship
Korean War
Age of Prosperity/Conformity & Suburbia
Baby Boomers
McCarthyism & 2nd Red Scare-Key figures &
Implications
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Subversion, HUAC, Rosenbergs, Censure
Duck n Cover, Bomb Shelters
Sputnik & Space Race
Generation Gap/Rock n Roll
Election of 1960/Kennedy/impact of television
Kennedy’s Response to Foreign Crisis
Bay of Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis
Berlin Wall
4
Origins of the Cold War
Learning Targets:
1. I can describe the domino theory and its relationship to the principle of containment.
2. I can identify key events and individuals as well as their connections to post World War
II tensions.
5
Post War “Clean Up”
• United Nations created
• 50 nation General Assembly
• 11 member Security Council
• 6 rotating members
• 5 permanent members (Britain, France, China, Soviet Union, U.S.)
• Goal: to preserve international peace & security
• International Military Tribunal
• (U.S., Britain, France, Soviet Union)
• Tried war criminals
• Nuremberg Trials (153 Nazis)
• Tokyo (25 Japanese)
6
Yalta Conference (February 1945)
• FDR, Churchill & Stalin meet in Yalta
• Discuss Poland’s post war government (Comm./Non-Comm. Coalition
Gov.)
• Issue “Declaration of Liberated Europe”
• Affirmed the “right of all people to choose the form of government
under which they wished to live”
• Germany divided into 4 Zones (U.S., Britain, France, Soviet Union)
• German Capital: Berlin divided into 4 zones (U.S., Britain, France, Soviet
Union)
• German reparations discussed
7
U.S./Soviet Tensions Begin to Rise
• Soviets concentrate on securing borders  creating friendly
communist governments and “Satellite Nations”
• Poland's coalition government is unbalanced (too communist)
• U.S. concentrates on post war economic growth in Europe  want
to avoid another depression
• Truman replaces FDR – Truman is very anti-communist
• “We [the U.S.] must stand up to the Russians.”
• Truman demands free elections in Poland
8
Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
• Truman and Stalin (go toe to toe)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stalin wants reparations ($$$$$)
Truman wants economic reconstruction ($$$$$$$)
U.S. and Britain control Germany’s Industry
Soviets Control Germans Agricultural Regions
Truman Bullies Stalin with Atomic Bomb
Stalin Accepts Truman’s Reparations Plan (but not graciously)
Soviets refuse to uphold “Declaration of Liberated Europe”
9
The IRON CURTAIN descends
• Soviet Military Threat in Eastern Europe
leads to rise of Satellite Nations
• Poland
Romania
• Bulgaria
• Hungary
• Czechoslovakia
10
Truman Doctrine = Containing Communism –
Response to exasperation…
• The “Long Telegram” from diplomat George Keenan (Feb. 22, 1946)
• Attempts to explain why the Soviets will not cooperate with the West.
• “Russian sense of insecurity and fear of the west” rooted in the teachings of
Lenin and Stalin.
• Soviet belief in long term struggle against Capitalism  all or nothing
• Stop soviet expansion, avoid direct conflict, and in time the Soviet Union
will fall apart  policy of Containment
• Iran Crisis
• Greece & Turkey
• CONTAINMENT
11
Iran, Greece & Turkey – Middle Eastern Cold War
Battleground
• Iran Crisis (March 1946)
• Soviets refuse to withdraw after WWII and
demand access to oil
• U.S. faces tem down with the Battleship
Missouri (eastern Med.) and political
pressure
• Greece & Turkey (August 1946)
• Stalin Demands joint control of Dardanelles
with Turkey
• Communist forces threaten Greece
• Battle Ship Mighty “Mo” and Carrier FDR
Deployed
• American Involvement here leads to sets
stage for actions as “world cop”
• CONTAINMENT
12
Marshal Plan (Supports the Truman Doctrine)
• George Marshall – U.S. Secretary of State
• Marshal Plan = European Recovery Plan (June 1947)
• Rejected by Soviets (they develop their own plan)
• Pumps $$$$$ and supplies into Western Europe
• Weakens appeal of Communism
• A plan to fight “hunger, poverty, desperation, & chaos”
• NOT communism
13
Group Document Analysis
• The Sources Of Soviet Conduct
• George Keenan (1947)
• Russia Desk Activity
14
The Russia Desk
(Analyzing & Drawing Conclusions)
• Department of State (State
Department)
• Telegram Received – February 22,
1946
• From: George Keenan (U.S. Embassy
in Moscow)
• To: George Marshall (U.S. Secretary
of State)
• RE: Soviet Union’s (Russia’s) Post
War Outlook
15
Task
• Working as a group divide, read, annotate & discuss your assigned
section of the “Long” Telegram (20:00)
• Summarize your findings on your organizer in the appropriate section USING
BULLET POINTS
• Once you agree on the important points place points on the master (Class
Organizer)
• Present Findings
• We will draw our final conclusions as a class
16
The Cold War Continues
Day 2
Please find your essay and sit.
17
What was the role of ideology in 20th Century conflict?
• US IDEOLOGY:
• - rights of the individual
• - right to choose government
• - individuals oversee the
economy
• - democracy & capitalism
• - Capitalism- expansionist/new
markets- aggressive
• -Manifest Destiny & Social
Darwinism
• SOVIET IDEOLOGY:
• - individuals are subordinate to
the goals of the state
• - for common welfare, the state
determines the form of
government
• - state governs economic life
• - communism
• - Marxism- overthrow
capitalism- aggressor
18
Truman Doctrine
• Recall that U.S. and U.S.S.R. clashed over
Greece and Turkey
• (March 12, 1947) Truman requests $400
Million from Congress to fight Communist
aggression in Greece and Turkey
• His Speech outlines what becomes known as
the Truman Doctrine:
• The goal of the U.S. is to aid “free peoples who
are resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressures.”
• The Marshall Plan puts the Truman Doctrine
into effect in Europe.
19
Marshal v. Zhadanov
Comparison & Contrast Activity
20
The Marshall Plan
• George Marshall- U.S. General and Secretary of State
• Harvard Speech – June 1947
• Answer the Following Questions in your Notes:
• Consider the following:
• According to Marshall what did European countries need after the
war?
• What other challenges did they have?
• What was Marshall’s view on European recovery in his speech at
Harvard University?
• How does the Marshall plan “carry forward” the Truman Doctrine
in Europe?
21
Impact of the Marshall Plan on the Cold War
• The Soviets responded to the Marshall Plan & the Truman Doctrine
with the Zhdanov Doctrine, unveiled in October of 1947.
• The Zhdanov Doctrine claimed that the United States was seeking
global domination through American imperialism, as well as the
collapse of democracy.
• The Zhdanov Doctrine was a Soviet cultural doctrine developed by
Central Committee secretary Andrei Zhdanov in 1946.
• The main principle of the Zhdanov doctrine was often summarized by
the phrase "The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the
conflict between good and best".
• Zhdanovism soon became a Soviet cultural policy; failed to comply
with the government's wishes risked persecution.
22
Marshal v. Zhadanov (C & C Activity)
• Assignment:
1. Read the Marshall Plan, as illustrated in George Marshall’s full
speech at Harvard University.
2. Then Read the Soviet response and the Zhadanov Doctrine
3. Create a detailed double bubble that shows how both sides differ
but what ideals and goals they have that are similar
4. Based on the documents: Write a reflection to attach to your DBWho do you think was more responsible for the Cold War
beginning; the US or the Soviets?
• Was the Marshall Plan a cause of the Cold War?
23
Berlin Airlift & NATO
Self Guided Study (Please be familiar with the following.)
24
Berlin Airlift
• A four-power provisional
government, called the Allied
Control Council, was installed in
Berlin. This union of
governments was to control and
rebuild the city of Berlin.
• Currency, German Unification,
Soviet War reparations, and
mere ideology were among the
many differences the Allies &
Soviets had.
25
Berlin Airlift (2)
• There would be no compromise. As a
result, Stalin wanted them out of Berlin.
• On April 9, 1948, Stalin ordered all
American Military personnel maintaining
communications equipment out of the
Eastern Zone (Soviet controlled Berlin).
• Trains were halted on June 1 and June 10.
• On June 21, the Soviets halted a US
Military Supply Train and refused it
passage to Berlin. On the 22nd, they
placed armed guards aboard, attached a
Soviet engine and hauled it back to
Western Germany.
• In a final move to push the Americans,
British, and French out, on June 24, 1948,
all land and water access to West Berlin
was cut off by the Soviets.
26
Berlin Airlift (3)
• There were to be no more supplies
from the West from Marshall
Plan.
• What was going to happen?
• Where were the necessary
supplies going to come from for
the Occupation Forces?
• For that matter, where were the
supplies for the 2,008,943
Berliners going to come from?
• It was a grave situation.
• The Soviet felt the only option for
the Allies was to leave Germanypurpose of the blockade
27
Berlin Airlift (4)
• The Allies were certainly not going
to stand for this.
• Diplomacy failed, Ground
invasions were planned, and
World War 3 was on the brink of
existence.
• US Military Commander Lucius
Clay had developed a plan by
which an armed convoy through
Soviet Controlled Germany would
break the blockade.
• This action would certainly create
a war.
• The Airlift is chosen instead
28
Berlin Airlift- June 1948- May 1949
• Berlin airlift, 1948–49, supply of vital necessities (2 Million + tons of supplies) to West Berlin by
air transport primarily under U.S. auspices.
• It was initiated in response to a land and water blockade of the city that had been instituted by
the Soviet Union in the hope that the Allies would be forced to abandon West Berlin.
• UsedC-54’s to carry freight; Used B-29 bombers on ground as intimidation (nukes?)
• Soviets cause trouble:
• the Soviets offered free food to anyone who crossed into East Berlin and registered their
ration cards there, but West Berliners overwhelmingly rejected Soviet offers of food.
• Throughout the airlift, Soviet and German communists subjected the West Berliners to
sustained psychological warfare. In radio broadcasts, they relentlessly proclaimed that all
Berlin came under Soviet authority and predicted the imminent abandonment of the city
by the Western occupying powers. The Soviets also harassed members of the
democratically elected officials- use of secret police
• Soviet buzz planes/played chicken, shoot, balloons, parachute jumps and search lights in
pilots faces: Again, B29’s on the ground keep the Soviets from shooting planes down- not
sure of atomic bomb- Fear
• Attempted Communism Putsch in Berlin; Pro Communist met by 500,000 Berliners; British
helped stop Soviet military police
• Winter 1948-49: Use German volunteers, former Luftwaffe mechanics due to lack of manpower
• Candy Bomber "Operation Little Vittles"- “The Chocolate Uncle”: morale booster for children
29
End of the Blockade
• The Soviet blockade of Berlin was lifted at one minute after midnight on 12 May 1949.
• A British convoy immediately drove through to Berlin, and the first train from West Germany
reached Berlin at 5:32 A.M. Later that day an enormous crowd celebrated the end of the
blockade.
• On May 23, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was formally established.
• On October 7, the German Democratic Republic, a Communist state, was proclaimed in East
Germany.
• Cold War tensions over Berlin remained high, culminating in the construction of the Berlin Wall in
1961.
• NOTE: The Soviets always had an advantage in conventional military forces, but were preoccupied
with rebuilding. The U.S. had a stronger navy and air force, and had nuclear weapons. Neither
side wanted a war.
• FAST FORWARD:
• With the reduced Soviet power in the late 1980s, the Communist Party in East Germany began to lose its grip on power.
• Tens of thousands of East Germans began to flee the nation, and by late 1989 the Berlin Wall started to come down.
• Shortly thereafter, talks between East and West German officials, joined by officials from the United States, Great Britain,
France, and the USSR, began to discuss reunification, which was achieved on October 3, 1990. Helmut Kohl became the first
chancellor of the reunified Germany.
• Although this action came more than a year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, for many observers the reunification
of Germany effectively marked the end of the Cold War.
30
Creation of NATO
• 1949: July – NATO (North
Atlantic Treaty Organization)
ratified
• Members agree to come to the
aid of any member who is
attacked.
• Basic Points:
•
•
•
•
Political and Military Alliance
Collective Defense
Transatlantic Link
As of 2010: collective defense,
crisis-management and
cooperative security
• NATO Site (Please Review)
• http://www.nato.int/natowelcome/
• How is the mission of NATO still
employed today?
31