Transcript applyingprinciplesofanimalsciencechp11[1]

APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF
ANIMAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER 11
AGRISCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
WAYS OF GROUPING
ANIMALS
• BASIS OF BODY STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS
• WHERE THEY NATURALLY LIVE
• EXTENT OF DOMESTICATION
• THE PRODUCTS THEY PROVIDE
HUMANS
GROUPS OF ANIMALS
BASED ON BODY
STRUCTURE
• INVERTEBRATES - 97 % of all animals
are invertebrates. Includes earthworms,
spiders, butterflies, snails and lobsters.
• Invertebrates do not have a backbone.
• VERTEBRATES - Animals that have a
backbone.
• Includes fish, birds and mammals.
ARTHROPODS
• Have hard outer shells or coverings.
• Crustacea - Shrimp, crawfish, lobsters and
crab are examples.
• Uniramia - Honeybee is an example
• Chelicerata - Mites, ticks, spiders and
scorpions are examples.
• Annelids - Earthworms and leeches
VERTEBRATES
• Osteichthyes - About 25,000 species of
bony fish.
• Aves - Includes about 9,000 species of birds.
• Mammalia - Includes species of animals
produced for food and fiber.
ANIMALS PRODUCED ON
FARMS
• TERRESTRIAL - Live on land.
• AQUATIC - Live in water or a water
environment.
ADAPTING TO CLIMATE
• Cattle with humps are adapted to warmer,
wetter climates than those breeds without
humps.
• Camels, scorpions, owls and snakes are
adapted to very dry desert climates.
ANATOMY
• Is the study of the form, shape and
appearance of animals.
• Gross anatomy deals with structures that
can be seen with the human eye.
• Microscopic anatomy focuses on structures
that require the use of magnification to be
seen, such as cells and sperm.
EIGHT MAJOR ORGAN
SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS
• SKELETAL
• RESPIRATORY
• MUSCULAR
• EXCRETORY
• NERVOUS
• DIGESTIVE
• CIRCULATORY
• REPRODUCTIVE
TYPES OF BONES
• COMPACT BONE - Made up of rings of
mineral crystals and protein fibers.
• SPONGY BONE - Contains red bone
marrow, which produces blood cells.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Largest system in the body.
• Makes up 45 % of the body weight of hogs,
cattle and chickens.
• Voluntary - Controlled by the “thinking”
part of the brain.
• Involuntary - Controlled by the lower part
of the brain. Operates the heart, intestine,
lungs and other organs.
SUBSYSTEMS OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Brain
and spinal cord
• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Contains the nerves that are connected to
the involuntary muscles and organs.
• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Includes all of the nerves outside the brain
and spinal cord.
NAME/FUNCTION OF PARTS
OF THE BLOOD
• PLASMA - 90 % water; helps dissolve
substances such as glucose, vitamins,
minerals and amino acids.
• RED BLOOD CELLS - Made in the red
marrow of bones; contains hemoglobin
(molecule that carries oxygen in the blood)
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS - Help fight off
disease.
• PLATELETS - Essential for blood to clot.
FOUR MAJOR PARTS OF THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• HEART - Pump that sends blood
throughout the system.
• ARTERIES - Carry blood from the heart.
• CAPILLARIES - Small branches that
carry blood to the cells.
• VEINS - Carry blood back to the heart.
KINDS OF RESPIRATION
• INTERNAL RESPIRATION - Is the
exchange of gases between the cells and the
blood within the body.
• EXTERNAL RESPIRATION - Is the
exchange of gases in the lungs between the
blood and the atmosphere.
PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
• NOSTRILS - Incoming air is warmed,
filtered and moistened by the hairs and
mucous membrane.
• PHARYNX - Connects the nose area with
the mouth.
• LARYNX - Produces sounds : “voice box”
• TRACHEA - Connects the pharynx with
the lungs.
• LUNGS - Gas is exchanged between the
PARTS OF THE EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
• SKIN - Water and minerals are given off
through the skin, helps regulate body
temperature.
• KIDNEY - Filter the blood; liquid
produced is urine.
• BLADDER - Stores urine made by the
kidneys.
• URETHRA - Tube that carries urine out of
the body.
TYPES OF DIGESTIVE
SYSTEMS
• RUMINANT : Cattle, sheep and goats.
• NON-RUMINANT : Horses, hogs and
chickens.
SIX PARTS OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• MOUTH - Food enters the body by
ingestion or eating.
• ESOPHAGUS - Connects the mouth and
the stomach.
• STOMACH - Ruminants have four parts
and non-ruminants have one.
PARTS OF A RUMINANT
STOMACH
• RUMEN - Known as the paunch; contains
bacteria that breaks down the food.
• RETICULUM - Stores food and sorts out
foreign materials (nails, wire, etc.).
• OMASUM - Contains muscular walls that
help break down the food apart.
• ABOMASUM - Gastric juices are mixed
with the food to help the digestive process.
NON-RUMINANTS STOMACH
• SMALL INTESTINE - Absorption of
nutrients and water takes place in the small
intestine.
• LARGE INTESTINE - Slow contractions
occur, which move the solid materials
along.
• ANUS - Opening in the body through which
the large intestine expels solid wastes.
ADVANTAGES OF
RUMINANTS
• CAN UTILIZE LARGE AMOUNTS OF
ROUGHAGE (GRASS, CLOVER, ETC.).
• NON-RUMINANTS NEED A FOOD OF
HIGHER NUTRITIVE VALUE;
RUMINANTS REQUIRE LESS GRAIN.
• ABLE TO GRAZE ON LAND THAT
COULD NOT BE USED TO PRODUCE
CROPS.
SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS IN
POULTRY
• Chickens, ducks, turkeys, and other poultry
have
• :
• mouth
• crop- (where eaten food is stored)
• glandular stomach
• muscular stomach- (gizzard)
• intestines
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• VULVA: External part of the female
reproductive tract.
• VAGINA: Muscular tube-like organ that
connects the vulva and cervix.
• CERVIX: Entrance to the uterus.
• UTERUS: Where the fetus develops.
• OVIDUCTS: Fertilization takes place.
• OVARIES: Produces the eggs.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• PENIS: Deposits sperm in the vagina of the
female.
• URETHRA: Long tube that extends from
the urinary bladder to the end of the penis.
• SEMINAL GLANDS: Produces fluids that
help the male produce viable sperm.
• SEMINAL VESICLES: Produces a fluid
that nourishes the sperm.
MALE SYSTEM (CONT)
• SPERM DUCTS: Connects the urethra with
the testicles; also stores sperm.
• TESTICLES: Produces sperm.
• SCROTUM: Pouch of skin that holds the
testicles. Has a slightly lower temperature
than the body; increases sperm production.
PUBERTY
• Age at which animals are capable of
reproduction.
• Cattle : 8-12 months
• Hogs : 4-7 months
ESTRUS CYCLE
• Cycle in the female reproductive system
that prepares it for reproduction
• “Heat” part of the cycle, the female is
receptive to being bred by the male.
• Release of eggs in the oviduct.
• Cows and horses normally release only one
egg; sheep and goats may release 2-4 eggs.
Hogs may release 15-20 eggs.
GESTATION CYCLE
• It is the period between fertilization and full
development of the fetus.
• Cattle - 281 days
• Swine - 114 days
• Sheep - 148 days
• Mare - 336 days
HOW POULTRY ARE
DIFFERENT
• Chickens, turkeys and other poultry do not
give birth to live young. Lay eggs and are
hatched in 21 days if properly incubated.
• Poultry do not have mammary glands and
don’t produce milk for their young.