Transcript Human Body Systems

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
Mrs. McWilliams 7th and 8th Grade
Skeletal System
• 5 major functions:
– Gives shape and support to body
– Protects internal organs
– Major muscles attach to the bone
to help it move
– Blood cells are formed in the center
of many bones in soft tissue called
red marrow
– Stores calcium and phosphorous
which makes the bones hard
• Parts of the bone:
– Periosteum – tough, tight fitting membrane
that covers the surface of the bone.
– Compact bone – gives the body strength,
stores calcium and phosphate.
– Spongy bone – located at the ends of bones,
has small open spaces that help make bones
lightweight and contains marrow.
– Cartilage – smooth, thick, and flexible layer of
tissue that covers the ends of bones and acts
as a shock absorber
• JOINTS:
– Where two or more bones come
together
– Immovable joints
• Allows little or no movement
• Skull and pelvis
– Movable joints
• Allows the body to make wide range of
movements
• Pivot joint- neck/skull
• Ball and socket- shoulder and hip
• Hinge joint- elbow and knee
• Gliding joint- back and forth movement,
fingers, wrists, ankles and vertebrae
cranium
maxilla
mandible
clavicle
scapula
sternum
ribs
humerus
vertebrae
ilium
radius (thumb side)
ulna (pinky side)
metacarpals
carpals
phalanges
coccyx
femur
patella
tibula
fibula
tarsals
phalanges
metatarsals
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Function: movement
• Two types of muscles
- voluntary- muscles you can control, examples:
skeletal muscles like biceps
- involuntary- muscles you cannot control,
examples: heart, blood vessels, stomach muscles
• Three types of muscle tissue
– Cardiac muscle- found in heart
– Smooth muscle- found in stomach and blood vessels
– Skeletal muscle- found in muscles that move bones
Digestive system
1. Function: to break down food into forms the
cells can use for energy
2. The parts of the digestive system where food
actually enters: Mouth to Esophagus to
Stomach to Small Intestine to Large Intestine
to Anus
3. The parts of the digestive system where food
does not enter: Liver, Gall Bladder and
Pancreas (release enzymes to help food break
down)
Types of Digestion
Two types of digestion:
a. Mechanical digestion-food gets chewed in
mouth, stomach muscles break food
apart.
a. Chemical digestion- salvia in mouth
breaks food, gastric juice in stomach; bile
from gall bladder breaks food with use of
chemicals, enzymes
Mouth
Salivary glands
esophagus
Liver
stomach
gallbladder
duodenum
pancreas
large intestine
small intestine
anus
• Digestion Pathway
• In your notebook, take notes on the path
that food takes form entering to exiting
your body
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Functions:
• carry oxygen and nutrients to all the body parts
• carry wastes away
• fight infections and help heal wounds
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart; capillaries
connect arteries and veins together and allow nutrients
and oxygen to diffuse into cells; veins carry blood back
to the heart to pick up oxygen and nutrients.
• There are four chambers; upper chambers are atriums
(right and left atrium); lower chambers ventricles (right
and left ventricle)
Components of Blood
• Red blood cells- carry oxygen or carbon
dioxide
• Platelets- clot blood
• White blood cells-fight
infection
• Plasma- carry nutrients
• 4 types of blood- A, B, AB, O
Circulatory Problems
Diseases of circulatory system:
• Anemia- not enough iron
• Leukemia- to many white blood cells made
• Hypertension- high blood pressure
• Atherosclerosis-fatty deposits build up in
blood vessels
• Heart failure
• Video: How the Heart Works
• http://www.mayoclinic.org/circulatorysystem/VID-20084745
Lymphatic System
•
Parts of the system: Lymph nodes,
Tonsils, Thymus, Spleen
•
Function: filters blood, produce white
blood cells that destroy bacteria and
viruses
•
Diseases: AIDS ( HIV virus attacks Tcells which are a type of white blood cell
that helps the body fight infections)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Parts of the system: Pharynx,
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi,
Lungs, Alveoli
• Function: takes in oxygen
and enters capillaries; gets
rid of the wastes, carbon
dioxide
• Diseases of this system:
Smoking- chronic bronchitis,
emphysema, lung cancer,
Asthma
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
•
Some organs have dual functions
•
Parts of the system: Kidneys, Skin,
Lungs, Liver and Large Intestine
•
Functions: to get rid of wastes and
toxins that could damage systems and to
regulate the fluid levels in the body.
•
Urine can be tested for many diseases
(diabetes, kidney disease or heart
failure)
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neuron basic unit of structure
Types of nerve cells
• sensory neuron: which receives information
and send impulses to the brain or spinal cord
• motor neurons: conduct impulses from the
brain to muscles or glands throughout body.
•
Central nervous system: Brain and Spinal cord
•
Peripheral Nervous system: all nerves outside
of brain and spinal cord
• Brain:
• Cerebrum is where thinking takes place; the
largest part of brain
• Cerebellum coordinates your muscle
movements for balance ( located at back
lower part of brain)
• Brain stem connects brain to spinal cord
(medulla is part of the stem and controls
involuntary actions such as heartbeat,
breathing, and blood pressure. The medulla
also is involved in coughing, sneezing,
swallowing, and vomiting.)
• Spinal Cord
– Carries impulses from all parts of the body to
the brain and from the brain to all parts of the
body.
• Peripheral Nervous System
– Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest
of the body.
– Made up of twelve pairs of nerves in the brain
called cranial nerves and thirty one pair of
nerves from the spinal cord called spinal
nerves.
How Drugs/Alcohol Affect the
Nervous System
• Drugs act directly on the brain stem which
helps control heart rate, breathing,
appetite and sleeping.
• Alcohol disrupts normal cell function and is
considered a depressant. It can impair
memory, thought processes, perception,
judgment and attention. Over time alcohol
can destroy millions of brain cells that can
never be replaced or repaired.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Functions:
• protects
• sensory response
• formation of vitamin D
• regulation of body
temperature
• ridding the body of
wastes
•Skin- the largest organ in the body.
Skin Layers
• Skin is made up of three layers of tissue
• Epidermis- is the outer, thinnest layer of your
skin where new skin cells are produced. Melanin
is a chemical produced in the epidermis that
protects your skin and gives it color.
• Dermis- is the layer of cells directly below the
epidermis and contains many blood vessels,
nerves, muscles, oil and sweat glands.
• Hypodermis or Subcutaneous-fatty layer that
insulates the body.
Endocrine System
• This system uses hormones (chemicals
that are made in glands found throughout
the body) that control and regulate your
body.
– Thyroid gland – controls the rate that
food is turned into energy.
– Pituitary gland – controls other glands
and body growth.
– Pineal gland – produces melatonin, a
hormone that functions as a body clock
regulating sleep and wake patterns.
– Adrenal gland – effects the kidneys and helps
you when you are excited, angry or frighten.
– Thymus – helps the body’s immune system.
– Ovaries – produce female characteristics and
initiates female bodily functions.
– Pancreas – controls the body’s use of
glucose.
– Testes – produces testosterone which
controls the development and maintenance of
male sexual traits.
NUTRITION FOR THE BODY
• A review of the 6 basic nutrients…
– Proteins are broken down into amino acids (used for growth and repair)
– Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose (used for
energy)
– Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol (store energy and
cushion organs)
– Vitamins are used to regulate the body functions (vitamin D helps bones
to absorb calcium, and vitamin K helps blood to clot)
– Minerals are used to regulate the body functions
– Water is in its simplest form and makes up about 70% of our body and
has numerous functions