Transcript 20145 February Human Body PowerPoint

HUMAN BODY
SYSTEMS
•Why are my
body systems
like a set of
dominos?
• THE HUMAN BODY
SYSTEMS ALL RELY
ON ONE ANOTHER.
WHEN ONE SYSTEM IS
DOWN, IT AFFECTS
OTHER SYSTEMSLIKE DOMINOES
TOPPLING!
Skeletal System
• 5 major functions:
– Gives shape and support to body
– Protects internal organs
– Major muscles attach to the bone
to help it move
– Blood cells are formed in the center
of many bones in soft tissue called
red marrow
– Stores calcium and phosphorous
compounds which make the bones
hard (“Got Milk?”)
• Parts of the bone:
– ***Periosteum – tough tight fitting membrane
that covers the surface of the bone.
– Compact bone – gives the body strength,
stores calcium and phosphate.
– Spongy bone – located at the ends of bones,
has small open spaces that help make bones
lightweight and contains marrow.
– Cartilage – smooth, thick, flexible layer of
tissue that covers the ends of bones and acts
as a shock absorber
• JOINTS:
– Where two or more bones come together
– Ligaments hold bones together
– Immovable joints
• Allows little or no movement
• Skull (cranium) and pelvis (ilium)
– Movable joints
• Allows the body to make wide range of
movements
• Pivot joint- elbow which moves the forearm and
neck/skull (rotates)
• Ball and socket- shoulder and hip
• Hinge joint- elbow (back and forth) and knee, toe
and fingers
• Gliding joint- slides over bones and back and forth
movement, wrists, ankles and vertebrae
(backbone).
– Joint problems: arthritis
cranium
Maxilla
clavicle
mandible
scapula
sternum
ribs s
humerus
vertebrae
ilium
radius (thumb side)
Ulna (little pinky side)
metacarpals
carpals
phalanges
coccyx
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsals
phalanges
metatarsals
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Function: movement
• Tendons- hold muscle to bone
• Two types of muscles
- voluntary- muscles you can control, examples:
skeletal muscles like biceps
- involuntary- muscles you cannot control,
examples: heart, blood vessels, stomach muscles
• Three types of muscle tissue
– Cardiac muscle- found in heart
– Smooth muscle- found in stomach and blood vessels
– Skeletal muscle- found in muscles that move bones
How do muscles work?
• Skeletal muscles work in pairs.
• The basic action of any muscle is contraction.
They can only pull.
• For example, when you think about moving your
arm using your biceps muscle, your brain sends a
signal down a nerve cell telling your biceps muscle
to contract. The amount of force that the muscle
creates varies -- the muscle can contract a little or a
lot depending on the signal that the nerve sends.
All that any muscle can do is create contraction
force. When you want to extend the arm the brain
sends a signal down a nerve cell telling your triceps
to contract, pulling your arm down.
ANABOLIC STERIODS
• Are synthetic compounds that cause muscle
tissue to develop at an abnormally high rate
– Side Effects:
• development of acne
• weakening of tendons possibly leading to joint or
tendon injury
• damage to the cardiovascular system, affecting
heart rate, blood pressure and increasing the risk
of heart attack
• bones can become more brittle
• harms sexual characteristics- growth of facial hair
in females and breast development in males
• mental and emotional effects such as irritability,
anxiety, suspicion or sudden rage
• liver and brain cancer
flexors
masseter
trapezius
extensors
sternomastoid
Pectoralis major
Intercostal
(between ribs)
Oblique
transversus
deltoid
tricep
bicep
Abdominus
rectus
gastrocnemius
Quadriceps
femoris
Latissimus
dorsi
Gluteus
maximus
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
-Skin- the largest organ in the body.
-Functions- protects, sensory response, formation of vitamin D in
presence of sunlight, regulation of body temperature and ridding
the body of wastes.
-Skin is made up of three layers of tissue
a. Epidermis- is the outer, thinnest layer of
your skin where new skin cells are produced.
Melanin is a chemical produced in the
epidermis that protects your skin and gives it
color.
b. Dermis- is the layer of cells directly below the
epidermis and contains many blood vessels,
nerves, muscles, oil and sweat glands.
c. Fatty layer- insulates the body.
Digestive system
1. Function: to break down food into forms the cells
can use for energy
2. The parts of the digestive system where food
actually enters: Mouth to esophagus to
stomach to small intestine to large intestine
(ALSO KNOWN AS THE COLON) to anus
3. The parts of the digestive system where food
does not enter: Liver, gall bladder and
pancreas (release enzymes to help food break
down)
4. Two types of digestion:
a. Mechanical digestion-food gets chewed in
mouth, stomach muscles break food apart.
b. Chemical digestion- saliva in mouth breaks food,
gastric juice in stomach; bile from gall bladder
breaks food with use of chemicals, enzymes
Mouth
Salivary glands
esophagus
Liver
stomach
gallbladder
duodenum
pancreas
large intestine
small intestine
anus
NUTRITION FOR THE BODY
• Nutrients body uses
– Proteins are broken down into amino acids (used for growth and repair)
eggs, beans, nuts, and meat
– carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose (used for
energy) breads, rice, fruits, starchy vegetables
– fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol (store energy and
cushion organs) butters, oils, fat in animals
– vitamins are used to regulate the body functions (vitamin D helps bones
to absorb calcium, and vitamin K helps blood to clot
– minerals are used to regulate the body functions
– water is in its simplest form and makes up about 70% of our body
– Fast Food Restaurants have nutritional information available.
– Health Resources: American Heart Association, American Cancer
Society, National Dairy Council, Local Cooperative Extension, National
Institutes of Health and American Dietetic Association
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Function is to carry oxygen
nutrients
to all the body parts, carry wastes away,
fight infections and help heal wounds.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart; capillaries
connect arteries and veins together and allow nutrients
and oxygen to diffuse into cells; veins carry blood back
to the heart to pick up oxygen and nutrients.
• There are four chambers; upper chambers are atriums
(right and left atrium); lower chambers ventricles (right
and left ventricle)
• Three types of circulation:
– Coronary Circulation-flow of blood to and from the heart
– Pulmonary Circulation- flow of blood from heart to lungs back to
the heart
– Systemic Circulation-flow of blood to body tissue and organs
except the heart or lungs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Red blood cells- carry oxygen or carbon
dioxide
Platelets- clot blood
White blood cells-fight
infection
Plasma- carry nutrients
4 types of blood- A, B, AB, O
Spleen-cleans the red blood cells
Diseases of circulatory system:
Anemia- not enough iron; Leukemia- too many
white blood cells made; hypertension- high blood
pressure; atherosclerosis-fatty deposits build up
in blood vessels; Heart failure
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Parts of the system: pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi,
lungs, alveoli, pleura
• Function: takes in oxygen
and enters capillaries; gets
rid of the wastes and carbon
dioxide
• Pleura-lining of the lungs
• Diseases of this system:
Smoking- chronic bronchitis,
emphysema, lung cancer,
Asthma
Nasal Passage
Pharynx
Larynx or voice box
Right superior lobe
lungs
Bronchi Tubes
(back of throat)
trachea
Left superior lobe
Bronchiole tree
Alveoli
Capillaries
(smallest
blood vessels
on alveoli)
diaphragm
Pleura
(lining of the lungs)
LOBES
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
•
•
•
•
•
Some organs have dual functions
Parts of the system: kidneys, skin, lungs, liver
and large intestine
Functions: to get rid of wastes and toxins that
could damage systems and to regulate the
fluid levels in the body (example: kidneys filter
blood and then send to bladder to be expelled
from the body)
Urine can be tested for many diseases
(diabetes, kidney disease or heart failure)
Diseases of this system: Kidney disease where kidneys do not function and person
must be placed on a Dialysis machine
NERVOUS SYSTEM
•
•
•
Parts of the system: neuron basic unit of
structure; Types of nerve cells are sensory
neuron which receives information and send
impulses to the brain or spinal cord;
interneuron’s relay information to motor
neurons; motor neurons conduct impulses
from the brain to muscles or glands throughout
body.
Central nervous system is Brain and Spinal
cord
Peripheral Nervous system all nerves outside
of brain and spinal cord
BRAIN:
• Cerebrum is where thinking takes place; the
largest part of brain
Cerebellum coordinates your muscle
movements for balance ( located at back
lower part of brain)
• Brain stem connects brain to spinal cord
(medulla is part of the stem and controls
involuntary actions such as heartbeat,
breathing, and blood pressure. The medulla
also is involved in coughing, sneezing,
swallowing, and vomiting).
• Spinal Cord
– Carries impulses from all parts of the body to
the brain and from the brain to all parts of the
body.
• Peripheral Nervous System
– Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest
of the body.
– Made up of twelve pairs of nerves in the brain
called cranial nerves and thirty one pair of
nerves from the spinal cord called spinal
nerves.
•
•
•
•
Drugs and alcohol affect nervous
system:
Drugs act directly on the brain stem
which helps control heart rate, breathing,
appetite and sleeping.
Alcohol disrupts normal cell function and
is considered a depressant. It can impair
memory, thought processes, perception,
judgment and attention. Over time
alcohol can destroy millions of brain cells
that can never be replaced or repaired.
Caffeine is a stimulant and can increase
heart rate, tremors and insomnia.
Lymphatic System (Immune
System)
•
•
•
•
Parts of the system: Lymph nodes, tonsils,
thymus, spleen
Function: filters blood, produce white blood
cells (lymphocytes) that destroy bacteria and
viruses, and destroy worn out blood cells.
Antibodies are proteins produced by B-Cells
that identify and neutralize foreign objects
such as bacteria and viruses.
Diseases: AIDS ( HIV virus attacks T-cells
which are a type of lymphocyte that helps the
body fight infections)
Endocrine System
• This system uses hormones, chemicals
that are made in tissues called glands
found throughout the body, control and
regulate your body.
– Thyroid gland – controls the rate that
food is turned into energy.
– Pituitary gland – controls other glands
and body growth.
– Pineal gland – produces melatonin, a
hormone that functions as a body clock
regulating sleep and wake patterns.
–Parathyroid gland – controls the
amount of calcium in your blood.
–Adrenal gland – effects the kidneys
and helps you when you are
excited, angry or frighten.
–Thymus – helps the body’s immune
system.
–Pancreas – controls the body’s use
of glucose.
• Why are my body systems like a
set of dominos?