Transcript Respiration & Circulation1

Respiration
• The respiratory system is a series of tubes that
brings oxygen into the body and gets rid of
carbon dioxide.
• Compare inhaled and exhaled air.
• What is the trend?
GAS
N2
O2
Ar
CO2
INHALED
78 %
21 %
~1%
0.03 %
EXHALED
78 %
16 %
~1%
5%
Breathing (Ventilation)
• Inhalation
▫ The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract.
▫ The chest cavity enlarges.
▫ The pressure in the lungs decreases.
▫ (Bolye’s Law) ↑ volume = ↓ pressure
▫ Air rushes into the lungs.
• Exhalation
▫ The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
▫ The chest cavity decreases in size.
▫ The pressure in the lungs increases.
▫ (Bolye’s Law) ↓ volume = ↑ pressure
▫ Air rushes out of the lungs.
The diaphragm is a curved sheet of smooth muscle which separates the thorax
from the abdomen. When it contracts, the diaphragm flattens, which INCREASES
the volume of the THORAX, which then EXPANDS the lungs. Contracting the
diaphragm therefore is associated with breathing IN, NOT OUT.
Diagram:
trachea
bronchus (2)
bronchiole
(thousands)
6
12
nasal cavity
nostril
mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
lung
bronchus
bronchus
bronchiole
diaphragm
alveoli
• What pathway does air follow as you inhale?
nasal cavity or mouth
pharynx (throat)
larynx and vocal cords
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
• What pathway does air follow as you exhale?
nasal cavity or mouth
pharynx (throat)
larynx and vocal cords
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
Air Processing
• Blood vessels in your nasal cavity and respiratory
passages warm the air.
• Hairs in your nose trap dust and debris.
• Mucous in your nasal cavity and respiratory passages
trap dust and germs.
• Cilia in your respiratory passages sweep mucous up out
of lungs.
Gas Exchange
• In the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into blood vessels and
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood vessels into the
alveoli.
Asthma
Constriction/tightening of the airways causing less
air to flow into the lungs
Cells in the airways might make more mucus than
usual.
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April 10, 2013
Triggered by allergens such as…..exercise, strong
odours, strong emotion, weather……
Corrected by brochodiators (puffer) which are
medications that open up the airways…..
Asthma
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is the
inflammation of the alveoli.
Infection from viruses, bacteria or
inhaled irritants (cigarette smoke)
causes the alveoli to become
inflamed and filled with mucus
which makes it difficult to breath.
Symptoms include difficulty
breathing, cough, wheezing
chest pain and fatigue.
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April 10, 2013
Bronchitis
Viruses, bacteria or inhaled
irritants infect the epithelium
of the bronchi, resulting in
inflammation and increased
secretion of mucus.
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April 10, 2013
Bronchiolitis
Viruses, bacteria or
inhaled irritants infect
the epithelium of the
bronchioles, resulting
in inflammation and
increased secretion of
mucus.
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April 10, 2013
Circulation
• The circulatory system
distributes nutrients
and oxygen to all of
the body’s cells,
removes waste from
cells, and regulates the
body’s temperature.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oE8tGkP5_tc
Blood
• Blood is composed of
cells and plasma.
• Plasma is the liquid
component of blood
in which blood cells
are suspended.
• Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the
body’s cells, and carbon dioxide from the body’s cells to
the lungs.
• Hemoglobin is complex protein found in red blood cells
that contains an iron molecule.
• The main function of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen from
the lungs to the body tissues, and to exchange the oxygen
for carbon dioxide.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LjLFrmKTSA
Blood Types
universal acceptor
universal donor
• An antibody, a protective protein produced by the immune
system in response to the presence of a foreign substance,
called an antigen.
• Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens and mark them
to be removed from the body.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttjn1jVACk8
White blood cells fight infections.
Platelets allow the blood to clot when blood vessels are broken.
Blood Vessels
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
• Veins carry blood towards the heart.
Pulse Points on the Body
• As your heart pumps blood through your body, you can feel a pulsing
in some of the blood vessels close to the skin's surface, such as in your
wrist, neck, or upper arm.
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April 10, 2013
• Counting your pulse rate is a simple way to find out how fast your heart is
beating.
• Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. Their walls
are only one cell thick.
• Capillaries supply oxygen and nutrients to every cell in
the body, and remove carbon dioxide and wastes.
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April 10, 2013
thick
small opening
thin
large opening
single cell
The Heart
• The heart has 4
chambers:
• The right chambers
receive deoxygenated
blood from the body
and pump it to the
lungs.
• The left chambers
receive oxygenated
blood from the lungs
and pump it to the body.
the right atrium
receives the oxygen-poor blood from the body
the right ventricle
pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
right atrium
right ventricle
the left atrium
receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
the left ventricle
pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body
left atrium
left ventricle
Heart Attack
A heart attack occurs when one or more of the arteries supplying your
heart with oxygen-rich blood (coronary arteries) become blocked.
Sudden Cardiac Arrest
• Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a condition in which the heart suddenly
and unexpectedly stops beating.
• If this happens, blood stops flowing to the brain and other vital organs.
• A sudden cardiac arrest victim's chance of survival decreases 10% with
each passing minute after collapse.
• Therefore, the chance of survival is 0% after 10 minutes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdemKH_v_aI
Defibrillators
Nowadays schools, places of worships, gyms, museums,
concert halls, etc ... have defibrillators available in case of
a cardiac emergency.by choice.