Respiratory System
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Transcript Respiratory System
DJ Dorum
5/16/2013
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Functions
Supply body with Oxygen
Removing excess Carbon Dioxide
Filter incoming air
Regulate temp of air & water content of air
Produce sounds
Smell
Blood pH
Structures
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Paranasal
sinuses
Pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Lungs
Nose & Nasal Cavity
Nasal Cavity
Nose
Bones and cartilage
support internally
Two nostrils
Hairs for guarding
•Hollow space behind
nose
•Septum separates
nostrils
•Nasal conchae on each
side
•Many mucous cells
•Heats incoming air
•Mucus traps large
particles
•Cilia push particle
towards pharynx
Paranasal Sinuses
Air-filled gaps
Reduce weight
Affect voice
Located:
Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Pharynx
Aka: Throat
Passage way for food and air
3 parts:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Moves air in & out of
trachea
Prevents foreign
intrusion of trachea
Houses vocal cords
Made of cartilage &
muscles
3 portions of cartilage:
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottic
2 folds:
Upper: False vocal
Lower: True vocal
Glottis opens during
breathing
Epiglottis covers glottis
during swallowing
Trachea
A.k.a. windpipe
Anterior to esophagus
Splits into bronchi
About 20 C-shaped cartilage pieces in wall
Posterior made of smooth muscle
Used to prevent collapse
Cilia line inner wall
Helps with filtering
Bronchial tree
Airways within lungs
Begin with primary bronchi
Branch into smaller
bronchioles
Into terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles after
Alveolar ducts are smallest
tubes
Ducts lead to Alveolar sacs
Sacs divided into Alveoli
Diffusion takes place here
Lungs
Soft and spongy
Within Thoracic
cavity
Serous membrane
Viscera Pleura,
turns into Parietal
Pleura
Space between
them is pleural
cavity
http://www.goldiesroom.org/Multimedia/Bio_Image
s/13%20Human%20Other/01%20Respiratory%20Sy
stem.jpg
Mechanics
Inspiration
•Diaphragm contracts, pressure
in cavity drops
•Diaphragm relaxes, pressure in
cavity rises
•Attraction of water in lungs
can cause collapse
•Substance surfactant
synthesized to prevent collapse
Expiration
•Forces come from elastic
recoil of cavity
•Pectoralis minor and
sternocleidomastoid help
both
Ventilation= breathing. Moving air in and out
Lung Capacity
Respiratory cycle = one inspiration plus following
expiration
Tidal volume: amount of air moving during normal
inspiration/ expiration.
Inspiratory reserve volume: Large breath in
Expiratory reserve volume: Large breath out
Residual volume: Amount of air after forced expiration
Avg volumes:
•Tidal: 500 ml
•I.R: 3,000 ml
•E.R:1,100 ml of expelled air
•Residual: 1,200 ml
Respiratory Center
Medulla Oblongata
and Pons
Two special areas:
Rhythmicity in Medulla
Pneumotaxic in Pons
http://www.physioweb.org/IMAG
ES/resp_center.jpg
Medullary Rhythmicity Area
Two neuron groups
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
Dorsal controls inspiration
Impulses tell diaphragm to contract
Ventral used only during forceful breathing
Pneumotaxic area
Continuosly emits bursts
originating from dorsal group
Controls breathing rate
Strong pneumotaxic
inhibition= faster breathing
rate
Weak pneumotaxic
inhibition= slower rate
Insane in the Membrane!
•Walls of alveoli
and capillaries are
simple squamos
•Wall of capillaries
and alveoli create
respiratory
membrane
http://webs.ashlandctc.org/mflath/KEYRESPIRATOR
YOBJECTIVES_files/image017.jpg
Diffusion of gases
Gases diffuse into blood
Concentration proportional
to partial pressure
Amount of pressure
contributed by proportion
If capillary pressure is higher
than alveolar, CO2 diffuses
into lungs
If capillary pressure is lower
than alveolar, O2 diffuses into
bloodstream
http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/imagesAP2/respiration/alvexch.jpg
Transport
Gases dissolve into
Oxygen Transport
More O2 released if:
plasma or blood
CO2 concentration rises
compounds
pH rises
Temp increases
Most O2 transported by
hemoglobin in red blood O2 deficiency called
cells
hypoxia
Product of combination is Hypoxia possible causes:
oxyhemoglobin
Unstable compound
Quick to release into
surrounding O2 deprived
cells
Decreased arterial Po2
Lack of ability of blood to
transport O2
Inadequate blood flow
Cyanide poisoning
Transport Cont’d
•Carbon Dioxide transported
3 forms:
•Dissolved in Plasma
(least amount
transported)
•Part of hemoglobin
compound (mid amount)
•Bicarbonate ion (highest
amount)
•Amount in plasma
determined by partial
pressure
•CO2 binds to “globin” part of
molecule
•Does not compete with
O2 for binding sites
•Bonds form
carbaminohemoglobin
•CO2 reacts with water: CO2
+ H2O -> H2CO3
•Occurs slowly in plasma
•Diffuses into red blood
cells
•Cells have enzyme
carbonic anhydrase
X-factors of breathing
Inflation relfex regulates depth of breath
Prevents over inflation of lung
Chemosensitive areas sense CO2 and pH
changes in spinal fluid
Rise in chemicals increases tidal volume and faster
breathing rate
Drop in chemicals triggers opposite response
Carotid & Aortic bodies detect O2 levels
Found in Carotid arteries and Aorta
Low O2 levels trigger increased breathing rate
Hyperventilation increases capacity
Smoking
Physical fitness
Works Cited
"Body Systems: Respiratory System - The Human Heart: An Online
Exploration from The Franklin Institute, made possible by Unisys." The
Franklin Institute - Home - 215.448.1200 . N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013.
<http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/respiration.html>.
"Hiccups - MayoClinic.com." Mayo Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013.
<http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hiccups/DS00975>.
"Inspiration and Expiration." STCC Faculty Webpages. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May
2013.
<http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/Units21to23/respiration/inspir
at.htm>.
"Lung Disease - American Lung Association." Homepage - American Lung
Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://www.lung.org/lungdisease/?gclid=CNai74LP-bYCFWQ6Qgodvw0AYA>.
Shier, David. "Respiratory System." Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and
Physiology. 1983. Reprint. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2006. 428-452. Print.