Transcript Respiratory System

Respiratory System
Presentation for
Allied Health I
Structures of the Respiratory System
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Structures include:
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Nasal & Oral Cavities
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Pleura
Nasal Cavity
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Area inside the nose.
Nasal septum
divides cavity into a
® & Left side.
Mucous helps trap
dirt & particles.
Cilia are hairs that
trap dirt & particles.
Turbinates are
bones that protrude
into the nasal cavity
& create more
surface area so that
more dirt & particles
can be trapped.
Sinuses
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Cavities in the skull.
Connected to the
Nasal Cavity by
ducts or passage
ways.
Lined with mucous
membrane.
Mucous helps filter,
warm, & moisten air
coming in.
Give resonance to
the voice.
Oral Cavity
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Mouth.
Lined with a
mucous
membrane.
Used for
breathing when
nasal cavity is
congested.
Pharynx
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Throat.
5 inches long.
Common passage
way for air & food.
Nasopharynx =
pharynx behind
the nasal cavity.
Oropharynx =
pharynx behind
the mouth/oral
cavity.
Epiglottis
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Flap of cartilage
lying behind the
tongue.
It closes over the
top of the trachea
to prevent food &
drink from
entering.
Larynx (Voice Box)
Larynx (Voice Box)
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Triangular Chamber
below pharynx.
Top of Trachea.
Laryngeal walls are
made of
fibrocartilaginous plates.
Contains Vocal Cords.
Adam’s apple.
Epiglottis – covers
larynx when you
swallow. This prevents
food or drink from
entering the lungs.
Videos
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http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/airwaydevice/videolibrary/storz3.html#
sim
Trachea
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Windpipe.
4 ½ inches long.
Walls have bands of C-shaped
cartilage to help keep trachea open.
Walls lined with ciliated mucous
membrane.
Coughing (expectoration) gets rid of
mucous that has trapped dust.
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
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Lower end of
trachea divides
into R & L
Bronchus.
Similar to trachea
with ciliated
mucous
membrane &
hyaline cartilage.
Bronchial Tubes
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R & L Bronchus
divides & creates the
Bronchial Tubes.
Tubes lined with
cartilaginous plates
(instead of C-shaped
cartilage).
Bronchioles
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Bronchial tubes
branch & form
Bronchioles.
Thinner walls of
smooth muscle,
lined with
ciliated
epithelium.
Alveoli
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At the end of
bronchioles, the
alveolar duct leads to
clusters of tiny sacs
called Alveoli.
Single layer of
epithelial tissue.
Inner surfaces
covered with
Surfactant (to keep
alveoli from
collapsing).
Alveoli
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Each alveolus is
surrounded by
capillaries.
O & CO exchange
takes place between
the alveoli & capillaries.
Lungs
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Fill the Thoracic
Cavity.
Upper part of
lungs = Apex
Lower part of
lungs = Base
Lung tissue is
porous & spongy.
Lungs
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R lung larger &
shorter = 3
lobes
L lung smaller
to make room
for the heart =
2 lobes
Pleura
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Serous membrane
Thin, moist, slippery, double walled,
membrane that covers lungs.
The outer pleura is attached to the chest
wall and is known as the parietal pleura.
The inner one is attached to the lung and
is known as the visceral pleura.
In between the two is an actual thin
space known as the pleural cavity or
pleural space.
Pleura/Pleural fluid
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The pleural fluid
lubricates the
pleural surfaces
and allows the
pleural layers to
slide against
each other easily
during
respiration.
Functions of the Respiratory System
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Respiration
Production of
sound
Pulmonary ventilation
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Breathing.
Inspiration/Inhalation = Intercostal muscles lift ribs
outward, sternum rises & the diaphragm moves
downward – this increases the area within the
thoracic cavity & air rushes into the lungs.
Pulmonary Ventilation
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Expiration/Exhalation = Opposite action
of inhalation takes place.
Exhalation is a passive process.
Control of Breathing (Neural) = Control
by Nervous System.
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Respiratory center
located in the
medulla oblongata –
in the brain stem.
 or  in O² or CO²
in the blood will
trigger a response
from the respiratory
center.
Phrenic nerve
stimulates
diaphragm.
Control of Breathing by Chemical
Factors.
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Respiratory center in brain can be
stimulated by the level of CO² in the
blood.
Chemoreceptors in the aorta &
carotid arteries are sensitive to the
amount of blood O².
Respiratory Movements
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1 inspiration/inhalation +
1 expiration/exhalation =
1 RESPIRATION
Normal adult = 14 to 20 respirations per
minute.
 with exercise, fever, certain diseases.
 with sleep.
Emotions will  &  respirations.
Age will affect breathing
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Newborn = 40 to 60 respirations per minute
Respiratory Movements
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Coughing = deep breath followed by forceful
expulsion of air, to clear respiratory tract.
Hiccups = spasm of the diaphragm & spasmodic
closure of the glottis.
Sneezing = air forced out to clear respiratory
tract / Nasal cavity.
Yawning = deep prolonged breath that fills lungs,
 blood O².
Respiratory Disorders
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Common Cold:
Contagious viral respiratory infection.
Indirect causes = chilling, fatigue, poor
nutrition.
Treatment = Rest, good nutrition.
May lead to upper resp infection (URI)
Hand-washing is important to prevent the
spread of germs (bacteria/virus).
Sinusitis
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Infection of
mucous membrane
that lines sinus
cavities.
Caused by bacteria
or virus.
Symptoms: HA,
pressure, thick
nasal drainage,
loss of voice
resonance.
Treatment:
Symptomatic,
surgery for chronic
sinusitis.
Pharyngitis
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Red, inflamed throat.
Can be caused by virus or bacteria.
Difficulty swallowing (Dysphagia).
Laryngitis
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Inflammation of the larynx.
Often secondary to other respiratory
infections.
Symptoms: sore throat, hoarseness, loss
of voice, dysphagia(difficulty swallowing).
Bronchitis
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Inflammation of mucous membranes of
trachea, & other breathing tubes.
May be acute or chronic.
Acute bronchitis usually comes after a
cold or resp infection. (Bacteria/Virus)
Acute bronchitis symptoms are: cough,
fever, substernal pain, rales/wheezing.
Chronic bronchitis = usually middle or old
age & caused by cigarette smoking.
Bronchitis
Influenza (FLU)
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Viral infection causes mucous membranes
to be inflamed.
Symptoms: fever, mucopurulent
discharge, cough, muscular pain, extreme
exhaustion.
Complications that can arise from FLU:
pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media, pleurisy
(inflammation of the pleura),
Treatment = Treat symptoms. FLU
usually last one to two weeks.
FLU
Pneumonia
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Infection of the lung.
Caused by bacteria or virus.
Alveoli fill with thick exudate (thick fluid).
Symptoms: chest pain, fever, chills,
dyspnea (difficulty breathing).
Diagnosis = listen to lungs & get a chest
x-ray.
Treatment: O² &/or antibiotics.
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
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Bacterial lung infection.
Symptoms: chest pain,
coughing up blood,
productive cough for more
than three weeks, fever,
chills, night sweats,
appetite loss, weight loss,
pallor, & fatigue.
Diagnosis = skin test,
chest x-ray, sputum
sample.
Treatment: 6 to 12
months of antibiotics.
TB
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Transmission can only occur
from people with active—not
latent—TB.
When people suffering from
active TB cough, sneeze, speak,
kiss, or spit, they expel
infectious aerosol droplets.
Tubercles lesions form in lungs.
Healthy people will wall off
bacteria. (latent TB / non-active
TB)
People with an impaired immune
system will get active TB.
Emphysema
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Emphysema is a serious
lung disease involving
damage to the alveoli &
surrounding lung tissue.
Alveoli become distended,
lose elasticity, & may
rupture.
Alveoli don’t retract back
to normal size anymore
which would normally
push air out.
It is difficult to exhale
(forced exhalation).
exchange of O² & CO².
Emphysema
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Dyspnea  as disease
progresses.
Treatment: treat
symptoms,  exposure
to respiratory
irritants, prevent
infections, restructure
activities to prevent
need for O².
Smoking is the main
cause of emphysema.
Emphysema
Asthma
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Inflammatory airway obstruction.
Allergens or psychological stress
can cause the breathing tubes to
constrict or narrow.
If the tubes constrict then it is
harder to get air in & out of your
lungs.
Asthma
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5% of Americans have Asthma.
Symptoms: Dyspnea, Wheezing,
Tightness in chest.
Treatment = anti-inflammatory
drugs, inhaled bronchodilator.
Asthma
More Respiratory vocabulary
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Apnea = The absence of breathing.
People with untreated sleep apnea stop breathing
repeatedly during their sleep, sometimes
hundreds of times during the night and often for a
minute or longer.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is caused by a
blockage of the airway, usually when the soft
tissue in the rear of the throat collapses and
closes during sleep. With each apnea event, the
brain briefly arouses people with sleep apnea in
order for them to resume breathing, but
consequently sleep is extremely fragmented and
of poor quality.
Sleep apnea
Dyspnea
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Difficulty breathing
dys = difficult
pnea = breathing
Tachypnea
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Abnormally fast breathing.
tachy = fast
pnea = breathing
THE END