Transcript Respiratory System - Northwest Technology Center

Respiratory System
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able
to:
•Name the parts of the respiratory system and
discuss the function of each part.
•Define combining forms used in building words
that relate to the respiratory system and its parts.
•Identify the meaning of related abbreviations.
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Objectives Part 2
•Name the common diagnoses, clinical
procedures, and laboratory tests used in treating
disorders of the respiratory system.
•List and define the major pathological conditions
of the respiratory system.
•Explain the meaning of the surgical terms related
to the respiratory system.
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Structure and Function
The respiratory system
performs two major tasks:
•Exchanging air between the
body and the outside
environment known as external
respiration
•Bringing oxygen to the cells
and removing carbon dioxide
from them referred to as
internal respiration
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External Respiration
External Respiration
Air from the outside environment enters the nose
or mouth during inspiration (inhalation).
The Nose
•Also called external nares
•Divided into two halves by the nasal septum
•Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is
warmed
•Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering
out foreign bodies
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Pharynx
Pharynx
Also known as the throat is a passageway for
both air and food
Three Sections of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
-contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which
aid in the body’s immune defense
Oropharynx
-back portion of the mouth that contains the palatine
tonsils which aid in the body’s immune defense
Laryngopharynx
-bottom section of the pharynx where the respiratory tract
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divides into the esophagus and the larynx
Epiglottis
The epiglottis, a movable flap of
cartilage that covers the opening to
the larynx (voice box) prevents food
from entering the larynx during
swallowing.
Occasionally, a person may swallow and
inhale at the same time so some food may
enter the larynx and choking occurs.
A technique called the Heimlich maneuver has
saved many people from choking to death.
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Larynx
Larynx
Serves as a passageway to the trachea and the
area where sounds are produced
Vocal Cords
Size and thickness
determine the pitch of
sound
•Short and thin =
high pitch
•Thick and long =
low pitch
Posterior
Portion of
Tongue
False
Vocal
Cords
Glottis
True
Vocal
Cords
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Trachea
larynx
Trachea
trachea
•Also known as the
windpipe
•Connects the larynx
to the right and left
bronchi
•Point at which it
divides into the right
and left bronchi is
called the mediastinum
bronchi
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Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration
Air from the bronchi travels to the bronchioles
then to the tiny air sacs (alveoli) which connect
to lung capillaries.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
are exchanged and oxygen
is delivered to the body
cells.
alveolus
capillaries
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Lungs
Lungs
•Consist of a right and left lobe
•Covered by a double layer of membrane that
makes movement in the thoracic cavity easier.
The outer layer is the parietal pleura and the inner
layer is the visceral pleura
•The space between the two pleurae is called the
pleural cavity
•Consist of an apex (top section), hilum (middle
section) and base (lower section)
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Inhale/Exhale
The passage of air from the
external environment to the
lung capillaries, bloodstream
and out consists of one
inhalation and one exhalation.
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Muscles for Breathing
Muscles for Breathing
The major
Bronchioles
muscles that
Alveoli
contract to
enlarge the
thoracic cavity
during inspiration
Lungs
are the:
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
(windpipe)
Right and
left bronchi
•Diaphragm
•Intercostal muscles
Note: The diaphragm
lowers itself when it
contracts during
inhalation
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Combining
Forms
&
Combining Form
Meaning
Abbreviations
[adenoid(o)]
adenoid (o)
adenoid; gland
alveol (o)
alveolus
bronch (o)
bronchus
bronchiol (o)
bronchiole
capn (o)
carbon dioxide
epiglott (o)
epiglottis
laryng (o)
larynx
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Combining
Forms
&
Combining Form
Meaning
Abbreviations
[lob(o)]
lob (o)
lobe of the lung
mediastin (o)
mediastinum
nas (o)
nose
or (o)
mouth
ox (o)
oxygen
pharyng (o)
pharynx
phon (o)
voice, sound
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Combining FormsMeaning
&
Abbreviations
[phren(o)]
phren(o)
diaphragm
Combining Form
pleur(o)
pleura
pneum (o)
air
rhin (o)
nose
spir (o)
breathing
steth (o)
chest
thorac (o)
thorax
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Combining
Forms
&
Abbreviation
Meaning
Abbreviations [ABG]
ABG
arterial blood gas
AFB
acid-fast bacillus
A&P
auscultation and percussion
AP
anteroposterior
ARD
acute respiratory disease
ARDS
ARF
adult respiratory distress
syndrome
acute respiratory failure17
Combining Forms &
Abbreviation
Meaning
Abbreviations
[BS]
BS
breath sounds
COLD
chronic obstructive lung
disease
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CTA
clear to auscultation
CXR
chest x-ray
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
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Combining
Forms
&
Abbreviation
Meaning
Abbreviations
[DPT]
DPT
diptheria,pertussis, tetanus
ENT
ear, nose and throat
ET tube
endotracheal intubation tube
FEF
forced expiratory flow
FEV
forced expiratory volume
FVC
forced vital capacity
HBOT
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
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Combining Forms
&
Meaning
Abbreviations
[IMV]
intermittent
mandatory
Abbreviation
IMV
IPPB
IRDS
ventilation
intermittent positive pressure
breathing
infant respiratory distress
syndrome
IRV
inspiratory reserve volume
LLL
left lower lobe
LUL
left upper lobe
MBC
maximal breathing capacity
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Combining
Forms
&
Abbreviation
Meaning
Abbreviations
[MDI]
MDI
metered dose inhaler
PA
posteroanterior
PCP
pneumocystis carinii
pneumonia
PEEP
positive end expiratory pressure
PFT
pulmonary function tests
PND
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea;
postnasal drip
RD
respiratory disease
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Combining Forms
&
Meaning
Abbreviations
[RDS]
respiratory distress syndrome
Abbreviation
RDS
RLL
right lower lobe
RUL
right upper lobe
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
SOB
shortness of breath
T&A
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
TB
tuberculosis
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Combining Forms
&
Meaning
Abbreviations
[TLC]
total lung capacity
Abbreviation
TLC
TPR
temperature, pulse, and
respirations
URI
upper respiratory infection
VC
vital capacity
V/Q scan
ventilation/perfusion scan
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Diagnostic, Procedural &
Laboratory Tests
Methods Used to
Diagnose Respiratory
Disorders:
•Auscultation
•Assessing respiratory
rate
•Percussion
•Sputum analysis
Normal Adult
respiratory rate is 15
to 20 respirations per
minute.
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Pulmonary Function Tests
Pulmonary function tests measure the
mechanics of breathing.
Peak flow meter
•measures the capacity for breathing
Spirometer
•a pulmonary function testing machine that measures the
lungs volume and capacity
Forced Vital Capacity
Forced Expiratory Volume
Highest breathing
capacity following the
deepest breath
Shows breathing capacity at
different parts of the
respiratory cycle
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Abnormalities/Masses
Abnormalities such as
masses and
restricted blood flow
within the lungs can
be detected via:
•Chest x-rays
•MRI
•Lung scans
Structures of the
respiratory system can
be observed via:
•Endoscopy
•Bronchoscopy
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Laboratory Tests
Laboratory Tests
•Throat Cultures
•Sputum Sample
•Arterial Blood Gases
•Sweat Test
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Pathology
adenoiditis
epiglottitis
bronchitis
Inflammatory
laryngitis
Conditions
rhinitis
pharyngitis
pneumonitis
sinusitis
tonsillitis
laryngotracheobronchitis
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eupnea
Breathing Patterns
Breathing Patterns
hyperpnea
bradypnea
dyspnea
tachypnea
apnea
hypopnea
Other Conditions
orthopnea
•Cheyne Stokes Respiration
•Hyperventilation
•Hypoxemia
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Upper
Respiratory
Infection
Upper respiratory infection is a term that
covers an infection of some or all of the
respiratory tract.
Other Conditions:
•Croup
•Diptheria
•Epistaxis
•Rhinorrhea
•Pertussis
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Chronic Obstructive Disease
Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is
a term for any disease with chronic obstruction of
the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:
•Emphysema
•Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma causes
narrowing of the bronchi
leading to dyspnea,
wheezing and coughing.
Normal
bronchiole
Asthmatic
bronchiole,
showing
constriction
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Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis
Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of
blood.
Cystic Fibrosis
Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of
abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction.
Atelectasis
Collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a
lung.
Pneumonia
Acute infection of the alveoli.
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Environmental Conditions
Conditions caused by environmental agents
Pneumoconiosis
•Caused by dust in the lungs
Anthracosis
•Caused by coal dust
Asbestosis
•Caused by asbestos particles
released during construction
of ships and buildings
Silicosis
•Caused by the silica dust
from grinding rocks or glass
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Disorders of the Pleura
Disorders of the Pleura
Pneumothorax
•Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity.
Empyema
•Pus in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax
•Blood in the pleural cavity.
Pleural Effusion
•Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.
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Otorhinolaryngologists
Otorhinolaryngologists are physicians that
specialize in disorders of the upper respiratory
tract.
Surgical Removal Conditions
•Tonsillectomy
•Laryngectomy
•Adenoidectomy
•Pneumonectomy
•Lobectomy
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bronchoplasty
Surgical Repair
laryngoplasty
Surgical Repair
rhinoplasty
septoplasty
tracheoplasty
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Surgical Incisions
Surgical Incisions
•Laryngotracheotomy
•Sinusotomy
•Thoracotomy
•Tracheotomy
Tracheostomy
tube
•Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a
tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx,
larynx and into the trachea to establish an
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airway.
Pharmacology
Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are
used for respiratory disorders just as with other
system disorders.
Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions:
Bronchodilators
•Dilate the bronchial walls
Expectorants
•Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus
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Mechanical Devices
Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration
Ventilators
•Actually serve as a
breathing substitute for
patients who can not
breathe on their own.
Nebulizers
•Deliver medication
through the mouth or
nose to ease breathing
problems
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Agents to Treat Respiratory
Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions
Conditions
Antitussive
Expectorants
(relieves coughing)
Decongestants
(decreases and
prevents mucus
buildup)
(promotes
coughing and
expelling of
mucus)
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Apply Your Knowledge
Identify the following
respiratory structures:
A. Trachea
B. Bronchi
C. Alveolus
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Apply Your Knowledge Part 2
An obstruction in which of the following would be
MOST fatal?
A. BRONCHIOLE
B. TRACHEA
C. BRONCHI
Answer: B. Trachea
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Apply Your Knowledge Part 3
Mr. Davis has had hoarseness for the past six
months. He recently went to his physician and
received a diagnosis of cancer of his voice box.
Which of the following procedures
might be indicated for Mr. Davis?
A. Pharyngectomy
B. Pneumonectomy
C. Laryngectomy
Answer: C. Laryngectomy
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Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
Melissa has very thick respiratory secretions.
She visits a local pharmacy looking for something
to help her with her dry cough.
Which of the following types of medication
should Melissa consider taking?
A. Expectorant
B. Antitussive
C. Antibiotic
Answer: A. Expectorant
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