Transcript Chapter 22 use

Chapter 22
Respiratory System
System Connections 22.1
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Functions of the respiratory system
1.
The respiratory functions as an air distributor and
a gas exchanger so that oxygen may be supplied to
and carbon dioxide removed from the body’s cells
a. All parts of the respiratory system, except for the
microscopic sized sacs called alveoli, function as air
distributors
b.
Only the alveoli and the tiny alveolar ducts that open
into them serve as gas exchangers
Functions of the respiratory system
2.
The respiratory system effectively filters, warms
and humidifies the air we breathe.
3.
Respiratory organs also influence sound
production, including speech
4.
The respiratory system also plays an important
role in the regulation or homeostasis of pH in the
body
• http://nursingpharmacology.info/Pulmonary/respir
atory_anesthesiology/asbreath.gif
Structural plan of the respiratory
system
1.
Upper respiratory
tract
a. Nose
b. Pharynx
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
c.
Larynx
Structural plan of the respiratory
system
2.
Lower respiratory
tract
a. Trachea
b. All segments of the
bronchial tree
c.
Lungs
Structural plan of the respiratory
system
3. Functionally, the respiratory system also
includes several accessory structures
a. Oral cavity
b. Rib cage
c. Respiratory muscles including
diaphragm
Structural plan of the respiratory
system
4. Cells require a constant supply of oxygen
for the vital energy conversion process
carried out with in each cell’s mitochondria –
cellular respiration
Upper Respiratory System
A. Nose
1.
Structure of the nose
a. The nose consists of an external and an
internal portion
b. External
1) Protrudes from the face
2) Consists of a bony and a cartilaginous
framework
3) Two bones make up the roof of the nose
Upper Respiratory System
c.
Internal
1) Lies over the roof of the mouth at the palatine
bones
2) Which form the floor of the nose and the roof of
the mouth, separates the nasal cavities from the
mouth cavity
3) Sometimes the palatine bones fail to unite
completely, producing a conditions known as cleft
palate.
4) The mouth is partial separated from the nose –
results in difficulty in swallowing and speaking
Upper Respiratory System
d.
The roof of the nose is separated from the cranial cavity
by a portion of ethmoid bone called cribriform plate
1) Is perforated by many small openings that permit
branches of the olfactory nerve responsible for the
special sense of smell to enter the cranial cavity and
reach the brain
2) If the cribriform plate is damage as a result of trauma
to the nose, it is possible for the potentially infectious
material to pass directly from the nasal cavity into the
cranial fossa and infect the brain.
Upper Respiratory System
3) The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a
midline partition, the septum
a) The nasal septum is made up of four
main structures
–
–
–
–
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
Vomer bone
Spetal Nasa
Vomeronasal cartilages
Upper Respiratory System
4) Pathway of air through the nose into the
pharynx
– Anterior nares (nostrils)
– Vestibule
– Inferior, middle, and superior meatia,
simultaneously
– Posterior nares
Upper Respiratory System
2. Nasal Mucosa
a.
Once air has passed over the skin of the vestibule
and enters the respiratory portion of the nasal
passage, it passes over the highly specialized
respiratory mucosa
b.
This mucous membrane has a pseudostratified
ciliated cells
Upper Respiratory System
c.
Rich blood supply, especially over the inferior
turbinate and bright red in color.
d.
Olfactory epithelium – specialize membrane
contains many olfactory nerve cells and has a rich
lymphatic plexus.
e.
Ciliated mucous membrane lines the rest of the
respiratory track down as far as the smaller
bronchioles
Upper Respiratory System
3.
Paranasal Sinuses
a.
Four pairs of paranasal sinuses are air – containing spaces
that open or drain into the nasal cavity and take their names
from the skull bones in which they are located
b.
These paransal sinuses are
•
Frontal
•
Maxillary
•
Ethmoid
•
sphenoid
Upper Respiratory System
c. Is lined by respiratory mucosa which are
being swept into the nose by the ciliated
surface of the respiratory membrane
Upper Respiratory System
4. Functions of the Nose
a. The nose serves as a passage way for air
going to and from the lungs
b. Air can by pass the nose and enter the
respiratory tract directly through the mouth
Functions of the Nose
c.
Air that enters the system through the nasal cavity
is
1) Filtered of impurities
2) Warmed
3) Moisten
4) Chemically examined for substances that might prove
irritating to the delicate lining of the respiratory tract
Functions of the Nose
d.
The vibrissae (hairs) serve as an initial filter to
screen particulate matter from air that is entering
the system
e.
Conchae, serve a baffles to provide a large mucus
covered surface area over which air must pass
before reaching the pharynx
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRv5tNCMpyY
Functions of the Nose
f.
The respiratory system produces large quantities
of mucus and possesses a rich blood supply, which
permits mucus and passes over the dry inspired
air.
g.
Mucous secretions provide the final trap for
removal of remaining particulate matter from air
as it moves through the nasal passages
B. Pharynx
1. Structure of the Pharynx
a.
b.
Another name for the pharynx is the throat
It is a tube-like structure about 12.5 cm (5 inches)
long and extends from the base of the skull to the
esophagus and lies just anterior to the cervical
vertebrae
Pharynx
1. Structure of the Pharynx
c.
Three divisions
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx
Pharynx
1. Structure of the Pharynx
d.
Seven openings are found in the pharynx
1) Right and left auditory (Eustachian) tubes
opening into the nasopharynx
2) Two posterior nares into the nasopharynx
3) The opening from the mouth known as the
fauces into the orophyarynx
4) The opening into the larynx from the
laryngopharynx
5) The opening into the esophagus from the
laryngopharynx
Pharynx
2. Functions of the Pharynx
a. Common pathway for the respiratory and
digestive tracts, since both air and food
must pass through this structure before
reaching the appropriate tubes
b. It also affects speech
Larynx
1.
Location of Larynx
a. The larynx or voice
box lies between the
root of the tongue
and the upper end of
the trachea
b.
Just below and in
front of the lowest
part of the pharynx
c.
See figure 23-1
Larynx
2.
Structure of the larynx
a. The triangle shaped larynx consists largely of
cartilages that are attached to one another and
to surrounding structures by muscles or by
fibrous and elastic tissue components
b. It is lined with ciliated mucous membrane
Larynx
3.
Cartilages of the larynx
a. Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple) is the largest cartilage
of the larynx
b.
Epiglottis
1) A small leaf shaped cartilage that projects upward behind
the tongue and hyoid bone
2) Can move up and down during swallowing to prevent food
or liquids from entering the trachea
c.
The pyramid shaped arytenoids cartilages
Larynx
4.
Muscles of the larynx
a. Muscles of the larynx are often divided into
intrinsic and extrinsic groups
b. Muscles in both groups play an important role
in respiration, vocalization and swallowing
Larynx
c.
Intrinsic muscles
1) Have both their origin and insertion on the larynx
2) Important in controlling vocal cord length and tension
d.
Extrinsic muscles
1) Insert on the larynx but have their origin on some other
structure
2) Contraction of the extrinsic muscles actually moves the
larynx
I. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System (pp.
802–816; Figs. 22.1–22.11; Table 22.1)
5. Voice production involves the intermittent
release of expired air and the opening and closing
of the glottis.
a. As length and tension of the vocal folds
changes, pitch of the voice varies; generally, as
tension increases, pitch becomes higher.
b. Loudness of the voice is determined by the
force of the air forced over the vocal folds.
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Larynx
6. Functions of the larynx
a. Larynx functions in respiration because it
constitutes part of the vital airway to lungs
b. Is lined with a ciliated mucous membrane that helps
in the removal of dust particles and in the warming
and humidification of inspired air
c.
It protects the airway against the entrance of solids
or liquids during swallowing
d. It also serves as the organ of voice production
Figure 22.5a Movements of the vocal folds.
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
Glottis
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis
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Figure 22.5b Movements of the vocal folds.
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
Glottis
Inner lining of trachea
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Vocal folds in open position; open glottis
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Figure 22.5 Movements of the vocal folds.
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
Glottis
Inner lining of trachea
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis
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Vocal folds in open position; open glottis
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2pLJfWUjc8
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Lower respriatory system
III. Lower respiratory system
A. Trachea
1.
Structure of the
Trachea
a.
The trachea is also
called the windpipe
b.
It is a tube about 11
cm (4.5 inches) long
that extends from
the larynx in the
neck to the primary
bronchi in the
thoracic cavity
III. Lower respiratory system
c. It is made up of
smooth muscle in
which are embedded Cshapped rings of
cartilage at regular
intervals fashions the
wall of the trachea
Figure 22.6b Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.
Goblet cell
Mucosa
• Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
• Lamina propria
(connective tissue)
Submucosa
Seromucous gland
In submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
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Photomicrograph of the tracheal
wall (320x)
Figure 22.6c Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.
Scanning electron micrograph of cilia in the
trachea (2500x)
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III. Lower respiratory system
2.
Function of the trachea
a. The trachea performs a simple function – it
furnishes part of the open passageway through
which air can reach the lungs from the outside
b. Obstruction of this airway for even a few
minutes causes death from asphyxiation
III. Lower respiratory system
B. Bronchi and Alveoli
1.
Structure of Bronchi
a. The trachea divides at
its lower end into
two primary
bronchi or which
the right bronchus
is slightly larger and
more vertical than
the left
III. Lower respiratory system
b. In structure, the
bronchi resemble the
trachea – contains
incomplete
cartilaginous rings
before the bronchi
enter the lungs, but they
become complete
within the lungs
III. Lower respiratory system
c. Ciliated mucosa lines
the bronchi as it does
in the trachea
d. Each primary
bronchus enters the
lung on its respective
side and immediately
divides into smaller
branches called
secondary bronchi
III. Lower respiratory system
III. Lower respiratory system
e.
The secondary
bronchi continue to
branch forming
tertiary bronchi and
small bronchioles
f.
Bronchioles branch
into many branches
forming a bronchial
tree
Figure 22.11 A cast of the bronchial tree.
Right lung
Right
superior
lobe (3
segments)
Left lung
Left superior
lobe
(4 segments)
Right
middle
lobe (2
segments)
Right
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inferior lobe
(5 segments)
Left inferior
lobe
(5 segments)
III. Lower respiratory system
2.
Structure of the
Alveoli
a. The alveoli are
the primary gas
exchange
structures of the
respiratory tract
III. Lower respiratory system
b. Alveoli are very effective
in the exchange of
carbon dioxide and
oxygen because each
alveolus is extremely
thin walled, each
alveolus lies in contact
with blood capillaries
and there are millions of
alveoli in each lung
III. Lower respiratory system
c. The barrier across which gases are
exchanged between alveolar air and the
blood is called the respiratory membrane
1) The respiratory membrane is a double
membrane
2) Composed of capillary endothelium
3) Composed of alveolar epithelium
III. Lower respiratory system
3.
Functions of Bronchi and Alveoli
a. The tubes composing the bronchial tree
perform the same function as the trachea that
of distributing air to the lung’s interior
b. The alveoli, enveloped as they are by networks
of capillaries, accomplish the lung’s main and
vital function, that of gas exchange between air
and blood
Figure 22.8a Respiratory zone structures.
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Respiratory bronchioles
Terminal
bronchiole
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Alveolar duct
Alveolar
sac
Figure 22.8b Respiratory zone structures.
Respiratory
bronchiole
Alveolar
duct
Alveoli
Alveolar
sac
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Alveolar
pores
Figure 22.9a Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Smooth
muscle
Elastic
fibers
Alveolus
Capillaries
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Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships
Figure 22.9b Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.
Scanning electron micrograph of pulmonary capillary
casts (70x)
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Figure 22.9c Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.
Red blood
cell
Nucleus of type I
alveolar cell
Alveolar pores
Capillary
Capillary
Macrophage
Endothelial cell
nucleus
Alveolus
Respiratory
membrane
Alveoli
(gas-filled
air spaces)
Red blood
cell in
capillary
Type II
alveolar
cell
Type I
alveolar
cell
Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane
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Alveolus
Alveolar
epithelium
Fused basement
membranes of
alveolar
epithelium and
capillary
endothelium
Capillary
endothelium
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aw9OJLTlClQ
&index=4&list=PLmT5uQC5CzO2d1J23QyXsJjeqCwJxp_l
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Figure 22.22a Transport and exchange of CO2 and O2.
Tissue cell
Interstitial fluid
(dissolved in plasma)
Slow
Binds to
plasma
proteins
Fast
Chloride
shift
(in) via
transport
protein
Carbonic
anhydrase
(Carbaminohemoglobin)
Red blood cell
(dissolved in plasma)
Oxygen release and carbon dioxide pickup at the tissues
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Blood plasma
Figure 22.22b Transport and exchange of CO2 and O2.
Alveolus
Fused basement membranes
(dissolved in plasma)
Slow
Chloride
shift
(out) via
transport
protein
Fast
Carbonic
anhydrase
(Carbaminohemoglobin)
Red blood cell
(dissolved in plasma)
Oxygen pickup and carbon dioxide release in the lungs
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Blood plasma
Figure 22.22 Transport and exchange of CO2 and O2.
Tissue cell
Interstitial fluid
(dissolved in plasma)
Slow
Binds to
plasma
proteins
Fast
Chloride
shift
(in) via
transport
protein
Carbonic
Anhydrase
(Carbaminohemoglobin)
Red blood cell
(dissolved in plasma)
Blood plasma
Oxygen release and carbon dioxide pickup at the tissues
Alveolus
Fused basement membranes
(dissolved in plasma)
Slow
Chloride
shift
(out) via
transport
protein
Fast
Carbonic
anhydrase
(Carbaminohemoglobin)
Red blood cell
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(dissolved in plasma)
Oxygen pickup and carbon dioxide release in the lungs
Blood plasma
III. Lower respiratory system
C. Lungs
1. Structure of the Lungs
a. The lungs are cone-shaped organs, large
enough to fill the pleural portion of the
thoracic cavity completely
b. The lungs extend from the diaphragm to a
point slightly above the clavicles and lie
against the ribs both anteriorly and
posteriorly
III. Lower respiratory system
c.
Each lung is divided
into lobes by fissures
1) Left lung is partially
divided into two
lobes (superior and
inferior)
2)
Right lung is partially
divided into three
lobes (superior,
middle, and inferior)
III. Lower respiratory system
2. Functions of the lungs
a. The lungs perform two main functions
1) Air distribution to the alveoli is the
function of the tubes of the
bronchial tree
III. Lower respiratory system
2) Gas exchange
a) Gas exchange
between air and
blood is the joint
function of the
alveoli and the
networks of blood
capillaries that
envelop them
III. Lower respiratory system
b. These two structures
are one part of the
respiratory system and
the other part of the
circulatory system
III. Lower respiratory system
c.
Because lungs provide an enormous surface area,
the respiratory membrane where the very thin
walled alveoli and equally thin walled pulmonary
capillaries come in contact
d.
This makes possible for extremely rapid diffusion
of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary
capillary blood
III. Lower respiratory system
III. Lower respiratory system
D.
Thorax
3.
Structure of the
thoracic cavity
a. The thoracic cavity
has three
divisions,
separated from
each other by
partitions of
pleura
III. Lower respiratory system
b.
The parts of the
cavity occupied by
lungs are the pleural
divisions
1) Left pleural
2) Right pleural
3) mediastrineum
III. Lower respiratory system
c.
Parietal pleura
1) Lines the entire
thoracic cavity
2)
It adheres to the
internal surface of
the ribs and the
superior surface of
the diaphragm
III. Lower respiratory system
4.
Functions of the Thoracic Cavity
a. The thorax plays a major role in respiration.
b. The thorax becomes larger when the chest is
raised and smaller when it is lowered
III. Lower respiratory system
c.
Lifting up the chest raises the ribs so
that they are no longer slant
downward from the spine, and
because of their elliptical shape this
enlarges both depth (from front
and back) and width of the thorax
III. Lower respiratory system
D. An even greater change in thoracic volume occurs
when the diaphragm contracts and relaxes
1) When the diaphragm contracts it flattens out and thus
pulls the floor of the thoracic cavity downward enlarging
the volume of the thorax.
III. Lower respiratory system
2) When the diaphragm relaxes, it returns to its
resting domelike shape reducing the volume of the
thoracic cavity.
3) It is the changes in thorax size that bring about
inspiration and expiration
4) http://www.breathing.com/images/176/anifinal/ani/Anim-Breathing(2SpCB=GEN)1.gif
• http://www.breathing.com/images/176/anifinal/ani/Anim-Breathing(2SpCB=GEN)1.gif
• http://images.google.com/images?q=breathing+ani
mation&hl=en&source=imghp&gbv=2&safe=active
&aq=0&aqi=g6g-m4&aql=&oq=breathing+anima
http://teachhealthk-12.uthscsa.edu/studentresources/AnatomyofBreathing3.swf
•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPovpAXcmI
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IV. Disorders associated with
Respiratory Anatomy
A. Deviated septum – a
displacement of the
nasal septum from the
midline of the nasal
cavity
IV. Disorders associated with
Respiratory Anatomy
B. Epistaxis – nose bleed
IV. Disorders associated with
Respiratory Anatomy
• Rhinitis – inflammation
of the mucosa of the
nasal cavity
IV. Disorders associated with
Respiratory Anatomy
D. Pharyngitis –
commonly referred to
as a sore throat.
IV. Disorders associated with
Respiratory Anatomy
Acute bronchitis – A
condition of the lower
respiratory tract
characterized by acute
inflammation of the
tracheobronchial tree
IV. Disorders associated with
Respiratory Anatomy
IV. Disorders associated with
Respiratory Anatomy
IV. Disorders associated with
Respiratory Anatomy
E. Lung Cancer –
cigarette smokers are
predisposed to this
malignancy to
pulmonary tissue
IV. Disorders associated with
Respiratory Anatomy
F. Turberculosis – A
chronic highly
contagious infection
caused by Mycobacterium
turberculosis
IV. Disorders associated with
Respiratory Anatomy
IV. Disorders associated with
Respiratory Anatomy
H. Pneumonia
1. is a common infection that affects one
of both the lungs in individuals and this
condition is caused by viruses, fungi
and bacteria.
2. Before antibiotics for pneumonia were
discovered this condition resulted in a
number of deaths.
3. Common in the elderly
I. COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases –
1. history of smoking
2. Difficult labored breathing
3. Causes them to retain Carbon Dioxide
(can’t get it out)
J. Emphysema –
1.permanent enlargement of the
alveoli,
2.accompanied by destruction of
the alveolar walls.
3.Lungs lose their elasticity
K. Asthma
1.
2.
3.
4.
Coughing,
Difficult labored breathing
Wheezing
Chest tightness
• Cleft Pallet
• Development of respiratory system
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nvo8XGMSC
wU
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