Transcript B5 Revision - Wildern VLE

B5 Revision
121 Questions
GCSE Gateway Biology B
Contents
1. In good shape ...
2. The vital pump …
3. Running repairs …
4. Breath of life …
5. Waste disposal …
6. Life goes on …
7. New for old …
8. Size matters …
17 questions
20 questions
22 questions
23 questions
16 questions
8 questions
9 questions
6 questions
Chapter 1
In good shape
17 Questions
Back to contents page
Question 1
Name an animal that . . .
Does not have a skeleton made of
hard material …
Worm
Question 1
Name an animal that . . .
Has an external skeleton …
Insect
Question 1
Name an animal that . . .
Has an internal skeleton …
Human
Question 2
What is an
insects
internal
skeleton
made of?
Chitin
Question 3
Some animals,
such as a shark
have an internal
skeleton made
only of…?
Cartilage
Question 4
State three
different
types of
fractures of
bones
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Green stick
Question 5
What are xrays used for
?
To detect
fractures
Question 6
What is a
joint?
Where two or
more bones
meet
(joined by
ligament)
Question 7
Bones are
moved by …?
Muscles
(attached by
tendons)
Question 8
Identify the location of a …
Fixed joint …
Skull
Question 8
Identify the location of a …
Hinge joint …
Elbow, knee
Question 8
Identify the location of a …
Ball and socket joint …
Shoulder, hip
Question 9
Identify the
main bones in
the arm
Humerus?
Ulna
?
Radius?
Question 10
Forearms being raised
Identify
the main
muscles
in the
arm
Forearms being lowered
Biceps
?
relax
Biceps
?
contract
Triceps
?
relax
Triceps
?
contract
Question 11
Name four
advantages of an
internal skeleton
compared to an
external skeleton
1. Framework of
body
2. Can grow with
body
3. Easy to attach to
muscles
4. Flexible
Question 12
Cartilage and
bone are …?
Living tissues
Question 13
Describe the
structure of a
long bone
1. Head, with
covering of
cartilage
2. Shaft, bone
marrow with
blood vessels
Question 14
Why are long
bones
stronger than
solid bones?
Because they
are hollow
Question 15
Why are
elderly people
more prone to
fractures?
(osteoporosis)
Because their
bones are soft
Question 16
Describe
cartilage and
bone regarding
infection and
growth and
repair
1. Cartilage and
bone are
susceptible to
infection
2. Cartilage and
bone can grow and
repair themselves
Question 17
How does the
skeleton
change in
humans?
1. Starts off with
being cartilage
2. Cartilage is
slowly replaced
by the addition of
calcium and
phosphorus
(ossification)
Chapter 2
The vital pump
20 Questions
Back to contents page
Question 1
Some animals such as . . .
Amoeba …
Do not have a blood
circulatory system
Question 1
Some animals such as . . .
Insects …
Have an open circulatory
system
Question 1
Some animals such as . . .
Humans …
Have a closed circulatory
system
Question 2
In a closed
circulatory
system …
…blood will
flow in arteries,
veins and
capillaries
Question 3
Describe the
heart
The heart is made
of powerful
muscles which are
supplied with food
and oxygen by the
coronary artery
Question 4
Describe the
pulse
The pulse is a
measure of the
heart beat (muscle
contraction) to put
the blood under
pressure and that it
can be detected at
various places
(wrist, ear, temple)
Question 5
What is a
single
circulatory
system?
One circuit
from the heart
Question 6
What is a
double
circulatory
system?
Two circuits
from the heart
Question 7
Identify the
four chambers
of the heart
?
?
?
?
Question 8
Name the four
main blood
vessels of the
heart and
describe each
one briefly
1. Aorta – main artery, carries
oxygenated blood to the
body
2. Vena cava – main vein,
carries deoxygenated blood
from the body
3. Pulmonary artery – carries
deoxygenated blood to the
lungs
4. Pulmonary vein – carries
oxygenated blood from the
lungs
Question 9
How is heart
rate linked to
activity?
When you
exercise, your
heart rate
increases
because your
heart muscle
contracts
Question 10
What is
muscle
contraction
controlled by?
A group of cells
called the
pacemakers.
These cells
produce a small
electric current
Question 11
What are
artificial
pacemakers
used for?
To control
heart beat
Question 12
What
technique can
be used to
investigate
heart action?
ECG
Question 13
Describe the
contribution of
William Harvey
toward the
understanding of
blood circulation
Harvey said…
1. The heart has four
chambers
2. The blood travels
through arteries
and veins
3. Arteries and veins
were joined by tiny
blood vessels
Question 14
Describe the
contribution of
Galen toward the
understanding of
blood circulation
Galen said…
1. The liver made blood
2. Blood was pumped
around the body by
the heart
3. The heart pumped
blood in a
backwards and
forwards motion
Question 15
What is meant
by a single
circulatory
system and
links to a two
chambered
heart?
The heart in a
single circulatory
system has two
chambers, one to
receive blood and
one to pump blood
out
Question 16
What is meant
by a double
circulatory
system and
links to a four
chambered
heart?
The heart in a double
circulatory system
has four chambers.
One side contains
blood without oxygen
(deoxygenated blood)
The other side
contains blood with
oxygen (oxygenated
blood)
Question 17
Describe the
cardiac cycle
Contraction of the
heart is called
systole
Relaxation
between beats is
called diastole
The cardiac cycle
takes 0.8 seconds
Question 18
Describe how
the pacemaker
cells (SAN) and
(AVN)
coordinate
heart muscle
contraction
The sino-atrial node
(SAN) group of cells
generates electrical
impulses. These spread
across the atria to
contract. When the
impulses reach the atrioventricular node (AVN),
more impulses spread
across the ventricle
causing them to contract.
Question 19
Label this
ECG trace
‘P’ waves
(impulses
from SAN)
P
?
‘R’ waves
(impulses in
ventricles)
R
?
T
?
‘T’ waves
(as ventricles
contract)
Question 20
Alterations in
heart rate can
also be
caused by …?
Hormones,
such as
adrenaline
Chapter 3
Running Repairs
22 Questions
Back to contents page
Question 1
1. Irregular heart beat
Name four
heart
conditions
and diseases
2. Hole in the heart
3. Damaged or weak
valves
4. Coronary heart
disease and heart
attacks
Question 2
Red blood
?
vessels
Identify
parts of
the
blood
Blood
?
vessel
White
? cell
blood
Plasma
?
Platelets
?
Question 3
Explain the
role of each
part of the
blood
Red blood cells – contains a
pigment called haemoglobin
which combines with oxygen
to form oxy-haemoglobin
White blood cells – engulf and
destroy bacteria
Plasma – carries blood cells
and products of digestion
Platelets – cells fragments that
play an important part in
blood clotting
Question 4
Describe
reasons for
blood donation
and why some
people carry
donor cards
1. Blood donation can
help other people in
need
2. Donor cards would
solve the problem of
shortage of donors
3. Donor cards would
save time finding
relatives to gain
permission
Question 5
Name the
different
types of blood
groups
A, B, AB and O
These are then
divides further
into Rhesus
positive and
negative
Question 6
Where does
blood
normally clot?
At cuts
Question 7
Where does
blood
abnormally
clot?
Inside blood
vessels
Question 8
What can be
used to
reduce or
prevent blood
from clotting?
Anti-coagulant
drugs
Question 9
Compare
normal blood
circulation to
that resulting
from a hole in
the heart
A ‘hole in the heart’
allows oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood to
mix.
Therefore, blood
leaving the heart in the
aorta carries a lower
amount of oxygen.
This can be corrected
by surgery.
Question 10
Describe the
effects of
damaged or
weak valves
on blood
circulation
If the valves between
the atria and
ventricles are weak or
damaged, blood will
flow back into the
atria and reduce
blood pressure.
The valves can be
replaced by artificial
valves.
Question 11
Describe the
effects of
blocked
coronary
artery
If the coronary artery
becomes blocked, the
heart muscles are not
supplied with energy,
which may result in a
heart attack.
The standard
treatment for this is
bypass surgery
Question 12
What are
heart assist
devices?
Doctors use ‘heart
assist’ devices to reduce
the work done by heart
muscles.
They help pump blood.
This allows heart
muscles to recover, and
then the device can be
removed.
Question 13
State an
advantages
and
disadvantage
of heart
transplants
Advantage:
Saves lives
Disadvantage:
patients have to rely on
drugs for the rest of
their life
Question 14
Describe the
process of
blood
donation
and blood
transfusion
1. Donor’s haemoglobin level
is checked
2. Donor’s blood pressure is
checked and blood group is
recorded
3. Once the blood is collected,
an anti-coagulant is added
to prevent it from clotting
4. Blood is labelled and stored
in a temperature controlled
environment
Question 15
Discuss
haemophilia
Haemophilia is
an inherited
disease
This is when
blood does not
clot
Question 16
Name three
substances
that are
important for
blood to clot
Vitamin K
Green
vegetables
Cranberries
Question 17
Name three
drugs that are
used to
control blood
clotting
Warfarin
Heparin
Aspirin
Question 18
How can the following affect the
circulatory system?
Diet?
A fatty diet can lead to a high level
of cholesterol in the blood, which
can block arteries. Obesity puts
extra strain on the heart
Question 18
How can the following affect the
circulatory system?
Alcohol?
A high alcohol intake can lower
blood pressure, raise fat levels in
the blood and affect blood clotting
Question 18
How can the following affect the
circulatory system?
Smoking?
Smoking reduces the amount of
oxygen available to the blood in the
lungs and increase the risk of heart
disease
Question 18
How can the following affect the
circulatory system?
Stress?
Stress can lead to high blood
pressure and a higher risk of a
stroke or kidney damage
Question 18
How can the following affect the
circulatory system?
Drugs?
Inhaling solvents can trigger a heart
attack and injecting drugs can
cause bacterial infections
Question 19
How is the
shape of a red
blood cell
adapted to its
function?
It is a flattened disk
with a large surface
area so it can absorb
large amounts of
oxygen. It is so
specialised that it
does not have a
nucleus
Question 20
How is the
shape of a
white blood
cell adapted
to its
function?
It can change
shape so it is
able to surround
and destroy
bacteria
Question 21
Complete the table
Blood Group
Antigens/
Antibodies
Can donate to
Can receive
from
A
Antigen A
Antibody B
AB / A
O/A
B
Antigen B
Antibody A
AB / B
O/B
AB
Antigen A
Antigen B
AB only
O / AB
A / B / AB
O only
(no antibody)
O
Antibody A
Antibody B
(no antigen)
Question 22
Describe the
process of
blood clotting
1. Cut
2. Platelets exposed
to air at site of cut
3. Complex sequence
of reactions
4. Eventually forms a
meshwork of fibrin
fibres (clot)
Chapter 4
Breath of life
23 Questions
Back to contents page
Question 1
What do all
living things
do to get
oxygen?
All living
things respire
to get oxygen
to release
energy from
food
Question 2
How do small
simple
organisms
such as
Amoeba and
earthworms
take in oxygen?
They take in
oxygen
through their
skin which
must be moist
Question 3
How do larger,
more complex
organisms take
in oxygen?
They have
special organs
such as gills
and lungs to
take in oxygen
Question 4
?
Label
parts of
the
lungs
?
?
?
?
?
?
Question 5
What is
breathing?
The exchange
of gases
Question 6
What is
respiration?
The chemical
process that
makes energy
from food in
the cells in
your body.
Question 7
What is
inspiration?
Breathing in air
Question 8
What is
expiration?
Breathing out
air
Question 9
Name four
conditions
and diseases
of the
respiratory
system
1. Asthma
2. Bronchitis
3. Pneumonia
4. Lung cancer
Question 10
Explain how the
methods of
gaseous
exchange of
amphibians and
fish restrict them
to their habitats
Frogs and fish have
special structures to get
oxygen into their blood.
Frogs skin and fish gills
need to be immersed in
water to allow oxygen to
diffuse so they are
restricted to certain
habitats
Question 11
What is tidal
air?
The air that is
exchanged
when you are
resting and
breathing
normally
Question 12
What is vital
capacity air?
The overall
amount of air
that you can
use
Question 13
What is
residual air?
The small
amount of air
that you
cannot breathe
out
Question 14
Breathing In
Diagram of
breathing in
Intercostal
?
muscles contract
Ribs move up
?
and out
Diaphragm
contracts and?
flattens out
Question 15
Breathing Out
Diagram of
breathing out
Ribs move down
? in
and
Intercostal
? relax
muscles
Diaphragm relaxes
?
and stretches
Question 16
Describe how
the
respiratory
system
protects itself
from disease
by ciliated
cells
The linings of the trachea and
bronchioles are covered by
millions of tiny hairs called
cilia.
The cilia produce a wave like
motion that carries mucus and
trapped dust upwards and out
of the lungs and into the throat.
Special cells in the lungs make
sticky mucus that traps dust
particles and some bacteria.
Question 17
Name and
explain an
industrial
lung disease
Asbestosis:
If fine asbestos
fibres are breathed
in, they are trapped
in the air sacs
which limits the
exchange of gases
Question 18
Name a
genetic lung
disease
Cystic fibrosis:
When too much
mucus is produced
in the bronchioles,
which causes less
exchange of gases
and the patient
struggles to get
enough oxygen
Question 19
Describe
symptoms
and treatment
of asthma
Symptoms:
Breathlessness
Treatment:
Asthma pump
Question 20
How does the
structure of a
fish gill allow
efficient
gaseous
exchange in
water?
Oxygen dissolved
in water passes
over many gill
filaments that have
a large surface
area and a rich
blood supply
Question 21
How is the
structure of the
respiratory
system linked to
efficient diffusion
of oxygen and
carbon dioxide?
1. Large surface
area of alveoli
2. Moist surface
3. Thin lining
4. Good blood
supply
Question 22
Why is the
respiratory
system prone
to diseases?
Because the air sacs in the
lungs are a ‘dead end’.
Any debris that is not
removed by mucus and cilia
remains, covering and
irritating the cells lining the
alveoli.
These cells are easily
damaged which is why
there are so many diseases
of the respiratory system
Question 23
Complete
the
diagram to
show what
happens
during an
asthma
attack
Sensitive airways
Trigger
Immune response
Airways
constrict
More mucus
produced
Body releases
histamine
Mucus plug
Airways inflamed
Less air available for gas
exchange in the lungs
Chapter 5
Waste Disposal
16 Questions
Back to contents page
Question 1
What do
kidneys
excrete?
Urea
Water
Salt
Question 2
What is
carbon
dioxide
produced by
and what is it
removed by?
Produced by:
Respiration
Removed by:
The lungs
Question 3
Name
the
basic
parts of
the skin
?
Hairs
?
Epidermis
?
Dermis
?
Hair follicle
?
Fatty tissue
?
Blood capillary
Sweat gland
?
Question 4
The skin
excretes
sweat
containing
what?
1. Water
2. Salt
Question 5
Describe the
structure of
the kidneys
Question 6
Explain
how the
kidneys
work
1. The renal artery brings blood containing
waste substances to the kidneys
2. Urea is a waste substance made in the liver
from unwanted amino acids
3. The kidneys filter the blood, removing the
waste
4. As the blood in the renal vein has a high
pressure, the filtering is also done under
high pressure
5. Useful substances such as glucose, some
water and some salt reabsorbed back into
the blood
Question 7
What is urea
produced by
and what is it
removed by?
Produced: in the
liver (from
excess amino
acids)
Removed: by the
kidneys
Question 8
Describe how
the amount of
urine produced
is affected by
water intake
By increasing
the water
intake, the
amount of
urine produced
is increased
Question 9
Describe how
the amount of
urine produced
is affected by
heat and
exercise
If you do more
exercise or are in
hot conditions,
more water will
be lost as sweat
and less water
will be lost as
urine
Question 10
Why must
high levels
of carbon
dioxide be
removed
from the
body?
When exercising, more carbon
dioxide is produced which must
be removed.
Carbon dioxide reacts with water
in the blood plasma forming
carbonic acid.
If it is not removed, it will upset the
pH level of the blood.
Therefore, a higher rate of
breathing not only takes in more
oxygen , it also gets rid of more
carbon dioxide waste
Question 11
How does
sweat cool
down skin?
The water molecules in
sweat use heat energy
from the skin to change
state from a liquid to a
gas by evaporation, so
the skin is cooled down.
Question 12
How is the
structure of the
kidney tubule
related to
filtration of the
blood and
formation of
urine?
A kidney contains about half a
million kidney tubules.
The glomerulus filters useful and
waste materials from the blood.
In the next part of the tubule the
blood selectively reabsorbs useful
substances such as glucose and
water.
Part of the tubule also regulates the
body’s level of water and salt
Question 13
How does a
dialysis
machine work?
If a kidney stops working, a
dialysis machine can be used
to act as an artificial kidney
removing urea from the blood.
Since urea molecules are
small they diffuse through the
membrane.
The dialysis fluid is like
normal blood plasma so the
levels of sodium and glucose
in the blood are maintained.
Question 14
How is the
concentration
of urine
controlled?
It is controlled by the
anti-diuretic hormone
(ADH), which is
produced by the
pituitary gland
Question 15
How is the
concentration
of urine
controlled?
It is controlled by the
anti-diuretic hormone
(ADH), which is
produced by the
pituitary gland and
controls the
reabsorption of water
Question 16
How is ADH
production
controlled by
a negative
feedback
mechanism?
A negative feedback
mechanism ensures
the correct water
balance in the blood.
The correcting
mechanism (ADH
production) is
switched off when
conditions return to
normal
Chapter 6
Life goes on
8 Questions
Back to contents page
Question 1
What is
fertilisation?
The result of
fusion between
a male gamete
(sperm) and a
female gamete
(egg)
Question 2
Describe the
main stages of
the menstrual
cycle and the
reasons for
such changes
Ovulation: the release of an
egg around the middle of the
cycle
The uterus lining becomes
thicker, which helps a
fertilised egg to embed in it.
Menstruation, the release of
the broken down cells from
the uterus lining, occurs if an
egg is not fertilised or does
not not become embedded.
Question 3
Name
treatments for
infertility
1. Artificial insemination
2. Use if FSH
3. ‘in vitro’ fertilisation
(IVF)
4. Egg donation
5. Surrogacy
6. Ovary transplants
Question 4
Amniocentesis:
Describe
foetal
A thin needle is guided
investigations by ultrasound through
the abdomen into the
to identify
amniotic fluid that
certain
surrounds the foetus.
conditions
A sample of fluid and
loose cells is taken
Question 5
What does the
hormone FSH
do?
Stimulate an
egg to start
developing
Question 6
What does the
hormone LH
do?
Control the
release of an
egg
Question 7
What do the
hormones
oestrogen
and
progesterone
do?
As the follicle in the ovary
develops, it releases
varying amounts of
oestrogen and
progesterone.
These hormones control
the growth of uterus cells
and thus control the
thickness of the uterus
lining.
Question 8
Name some
problems with
infertility
treatments
Injections of FSH are
straightforward and can be
used without major side
effects
Surrogate mothers may
become emotionally attached
to the baby during pregnancy
IVF does not have a very high
success rate and multiple
births can be a problem
Amniocentesis carries a risk of
causing miscarriage
Chapter 7
New for old
9 Questions
Back to contents page
Question 1
Name some
body parts
that can be
mechanically
replaced
1. Kidney
2. Knee and hip
joints
3. Heart
4. Lens of the eye
Question 2
Name some
body parts
that can be
biologically
replaced
1. Blood
2. Cornea
3. Heart
4. Lungs
5. Kidney and bone
marrow
Question 3
State three
problems with
organ
donation
1. Shortage of
donors
2. Tissue match
3. Size and age
match
Question 4
State four
problems with
using
mechanical
replacements
1. Size
2. Power supply
3. Materials used
4. Body reactions
Question 5
State three
mechanical
replacements
that can be
used outside
the body
1. The heart and
lung machine
2. Kidney dialysis
3. Iron lungs
Question 6
Explain how
donors can be
living and
what makes a
suitable
donor
Body parts such as
blood and bone
marrow can be
donated while still
alive
One kidney can also be
donated while alive
Blood and tissue must
match
Question 7
State the
criteria needed
for a dead
person to be a
suitable donor
If the donor is brain
dead, only organs and
tissues can be donated
If the donor died from
cardio-respiratory
failure, only his tissues
can be used
Question 8
Discuss the
ethical issues
concerning
organ donation
• Some families may find it
difficult to accept that
surgical procedures will be
carried out on the dead
body of a donor
• Some patients may find it
difficult to accept that
someone’s death has been
necessary to provide the
transplant
Question 9
Describe
problems with
transplants
regarding
rejection
• The body’s immune
system reacts to ‘foreign’
tissue and rejects it
• The recipient patient has to
take immuno-suppressive
drugs for the rest of their
lifetime
Chapter 8
Size matters
6 Questions
Back to contents page
Question 1
New cells for
growth are
produced by a
type of cell
division called?
Mitosis
Question 2
Mitosis
produces …?
Identical cells
Question 3
What are
extremes in
height (dwarfs
and giants)
caused by?
Caused by genes
or hormone
imbalance
Question 4
How can diet
and exercise
influence
growth?
Diet: calcium and
vitamin D is needed
for bones, and
protein is needed
for muscle growth
Exercise: the body
releases more
growth hormone
Question 5
What may be
some reasons
why life
expectancy has
increased
greatly?
• Less industrial disease
• Healthier diet
• Life style
• Modern treatments
• Cures for disease
• Better housing
Question 6
Where is the
human growth
hormone
produced and
what is its role?
Human growth hormone
is produced by the
pituitary gland and
stimulates general
growth especially in
long bones
End Of B5 Revision
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