Transcript Lymphocytes
Gianluca Desiderio, Marco La Franceschina, Stefano Perdicchia, Riccardo Riva 2L LICEO SCIENZE APPLICATE 2014 – 2015 CLIL PROJECT Proff. ROSSELLA COPPOLA (SCIENZE), STEFANO PARISI (INGLESE) The blood is divided into: Plasma is compose by 90% of water 7% of plasmatic protein 3% Iones White globules They defend the body from bacteria and virus They are 6000/10000 for mm3 Red globules They haven’t got a nucleus because they carry on the haemoglobin (a red pigment). They carry on oxygen in all the cells of the body They are 5,000,000 for mm3 Platlets Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are blood cells whose function is to stop bleeding. They live 7/8 days and they are only 30.000 per mm³ Platelets have no cell nucleus. They are fragments of cytoplasm which are derived from the megakaryocytes What is a Lymphocyte? They are important blood cells that compose the 40% of the white blood cells. They are the main type of cells found in lymph. They include NK cells innate immunity T cells adaptive immunity B cells adaptive immunity Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes T Lymphocytes NK They are produced in the bone marrow. They are the first cells that step in the defense of the organism. They are divided in 2 different types: -Lymphocytes B memory -Plasmacells They are produced in the Thimus gland, an organ placed near the breastbone. The function of T cells is to recognize specific nonself antigens. This Lymphocyte uses a TCR recector to recognize infected antigenes They are also called natural killers because they are produced during the pregnancy. NK cells are a part of the innate immune system and play a important role in defending the host from both tumors and virally infected cells. They are used to produce cytokines. These are a broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signaling. Blood disease 1. Sickle cell anemia characterized by an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. 2. Haemophilia It is a hereditary disorder that impairs the body ability to control blood clotting. 3. Megalobliastic anemia it is the presence of large cells with an arrest in nuclear maturation. Nuclear maturation is immature relative to cytoplasmic maturity. 1. 2. 3. Sickle cell anemia The pharmacological and therapeutic treatments, nowadays, can only help to relieve pain. These treatments are: Use of Medicines Urea derivatives (hydroxyurea) The blood transfusions and supplemental oxygen The Bone Marrow Transplantation The bone marrow transplantation is the only treatment that can cure completely an individual by this disease. It is only used in severe cases The future of the cures Even if the Sickle Cell Anemia can be cured thanks to the Bone Marrow Transplantation, the researchers are looking for new less expensive treatments and easier to carry out: Supplementation of nitric oxide Deactivation of the defective gene Gene therapy