Management of Clients with Hematologic Disorders
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Transcript Management of Clients with Hematologic Disorders
Management of Clients with
Hematologic Disorders
NRS 108
Majuvy L. Sulse RN, MSN, CCRN
HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS
Disorders associated with Erythrocytes
Disorders of bleeding
Disorders associated with white blood
cells
Lymphomas
ANEMIA
(decreased in number of RBCs)
Abnormal & deficient production,
blood loss, destruction of RBC
Low Hgb
( Causes)
H/H, Bone marrow
aspiration, Peripheral
smear
( Diagnosis)
Less 02 carrying capacity
Hypoxia
Pallor, Fatigue, Palpitation, Low BP, SOB, DOE, MI, Renal failure
Management of Anemia
Medical:
Identify cause
Treat cause
Relieve
symptoms
Prevent
complications
Nursing:
Assess
Educate
Classification of Anemia
Based on the size of the RBC
Normocytic
Microcytic
Macrocytic
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Causes:
Inadequate iron supply
Chronic blood loss without iron replacement
Decreased iron absorption in the intestines
Signs/ Symptoms:
Hypochromic (low MCH), microcytic ( low MCV)
Elevated serum binding capacity
Brittle, spoon-shaped nails with longitudinal ridges
Cheilosis (painful mouth cracks/ sores)
Red shiny tongue
Insidious development of fatigue
Diagnosis/Treatment
Treatment:
Identify cause
Diagnosis:
Laboratory values
Gastroscopy
Sigmoidoscopy
Occult blood in stools
Radiographic studies
of GI
Iron supplement
Nutritional/dietary
Megaloblastic Anemia
Predominance of megaloblasts & lack of normoblasts
Includes pernicious anemia, Vit. B12 & Folic acid
deficiencies
Related to surgery particularly of terminal ileum where
B12 is absorbed; vegetarian diet; prolonged exposure
to nitrous oxide
Related to aging & long term gastritis
Related to alcohol malnutrition & malabsorption (Folic
acid deficiency)
Macrocytic, normochromic RBC
Lack of Intrinsic factor
Autoimmune response
Diagnosis & Treatment:
(Megaloblastic Anemia)
Schilling test- definitive dx of pernicious anemia
Gastric secretion analysis- pH, free HCL, low gastric
secretion
Diagnosis & Treatment :
(Megaloblastic Anemia)
ManagementLifelong tx with Vit B12 injection
Iron & Folic acid supplement
Nutritional/ dietary changes
Foods that are rich in folic acid and vitamin B12
include the following:
eggs
meat
poultry
milk
shellfish
fortified cereals
Aplastic Anemia
Low Hb & pancytopenia
Unknown etiology / autoimmune disturbance
Direct injury by Myelotoxins- agents causing bone marrow
damage when received in large doses
Medication induced:
Chemo, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides,
mephenytoin, quinine
Exposure to environmental hazards:
Benzene, insecticides, radiation & radioactive
materials
Infections
Hepatitis, miliary TB, EPBV
Congenital/hereditary causes
Aplastic Anemia-Manifestations & Dx
Manifestations Exertional dyspnea, fatigue, pallor, infections
Bleeding (nasal,oral, rectal,vaginal) ecchymosis,
petechiae, pupura
Low platelets (less 30, 000), RBCs, WBCs
Dry bone marrow on aspiration
Diagnosis Differential count
Manifestations
History of exposure to myelotoxins
Aplastic Anemia
Medical
Remove causative
Idiopathic cause- treat with steroids, hormone
therapy
Autoimmune cause- bone marrow transplants
(younger than 30 or those who have not received
transfusions yet
Antithymocyte & cyclosporine therapy- skin testing
& watch for allergic reactions
Blood transfusions
Frequent CBCs esp for those on radiation therapy
Nursing management
Infection control
Client education
Anemia from Blood Loss
Types
Acute-trauma, complications from surgery
Hypovolemia, hypotension, hypoxemia,
weakness, tachycardia, stupor
Chronic- bleeding ulcer, hemorrhoids
Gradual and vague symptoms as fatigue, pallor,
dyspnea
Medical/ Nursing Interventions
Identify source of bleeding
Control through medical or surgical interventions
Blood transfusions
Hemolytic Anemia
Abnormal destruction of RBCs by
Intrinsic-defective RBCs, enzyme deficit(G6PD)
extrinsic factors- toxins, injury as in prosthetic heart
valves
Failure of bone marrow to replace destroyed RBCs
Sites of hemolysis:
Intravascular-circulation
Extravascular- macrophages of spleen, liver & bone
marrow
Findings/ Treatment
Findings
Normocytic
anemia
Reticulocytosis as
compensatory
mechanism
Increased RBC
fragility
Short lifespan
Hyperbilirubinemia
- blood, urine,
stools
S/S as in Anemia
Treatment
Identify/Treat
cause
IV fluids to flush
kidneys
NAHCO3 or Na
Lactate to alter
urine pH
(decrease)
precipitation in
renal tubules
Splenectomy
Sickle Cell Anemia and Sickle Cell
Trait
Inherited, autosomal, recessive disorders of HB
synthesis resulting in decrease O2 to the tissues
(hypoxia) and obstruction of blood vessels
Substitution of valine for glutamic acid in B-globin
gene
Primarily seen in the black population
Sickle cell trait is a mild form of the disease and it is
the commonest
Sickle cell trait is prevalent in Africa
Resistant to the parasite that causes malaria
Genetically inherited from each parent
Inheritance
Pathophysiology
Sickling of RBC-triggered by
Hypoxia- low O2 tension in blood
High altitude
Emotional/ physical stress
Surgery
Blood loss
Infection-bacterial & viral
Dehydration
Acidosis
Decreased plasma volumeIncreased blood viscosity
Hypothermia
Stress
Pathophysiology
Sickled cell-rigid & elongated causes
tissue injury (as cells can’t pass through
small vessels) results in local hypoxia
anemia as more cells are hemolyzed by
spleen
Initially reversible with re-oxygenation
then becomes irreversible due to cell
membrane damage from recurrent
sickling
Sickle Cell crisis
Exacerbation of RBC sickling
Vaso- occlusion (Vaso-occlusive crises) vasospasm
Changes in membrane permeability plasma
loss & hemoconcentration
development of
thrombi, tissue ischemia, infarction, necrosis
Shock is a life threatening consequence
Frequency, extent, & severity of episode is
dependent on percentage of HbS present
Causes of Sickle Cell Crisis
Vaso - Occlusion
Aplastic crisis
Hemolytic crisis
Sequestration crisis
Mixed crisis
Types of Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell Thalassemia
Sickle cell HbC-
Clinical Manifestations
Cardiovascular changes
Skin changes
Abdominal changes
Musculoskeletal changes
Central nervous system changes
Clinical Manifestation
Noticed after 6 months when fetal Hb is no
longer present
Improper growth related to anemia
Retarded growth and delay in sexual maturity
Hand- foot syndrome- edema of hands and
feet
Pain from tissue ischemia-hands, feet , joints
Clinical Manifestation
Weakness and fatigue-exercise
intolerance
Jaundice- development of gallstones
Pallor-of mucous membrane-grayish cast
on skin
Priapism-occlusion of penile veins
Infarct on the spleen - small and scarred
Leg ulcers in about 75% of cases
Complications
CHF from ischemia &
heart enlargement
Acute Chest syndromefever, chest pains, cough,
dyspnea
Pulmonary infarctpulmonary HTN, MI, Cor
Pulmonale
Blindness from retinal
obstruction-hemmorhagedetachment
Renal failurehemoconcentration
Autosplenectomyshrinking of spleen from
repetitious scarring
CVA- thrombus
formation
Osteoporosis/
Osteosclerosis
Leg ulcers esp. at
ankles-tissue hypoxia
Infection- absence of
phagocytic activity by
spleen
Diagnostic findings
Peripheral Smear
Sickling Test
DNA
Elevated serum bilirubin levels
Skeletal xrays-reveal bone/joint
deformities & flattening
MRI-check for clots (CVA)
Medical/ Nursing Management
No cure
Supportive interventions: pain relief,
Hydration, O2, rest, blood transfusions
Patient Teaching to avoid factors that cause
crisis
Assessment of family understanding of the
disease & coping mechanism
Links for support
Genetic counseling
Get Involved Class!
What nursing diagnosis should receive
the highest priority in a client with sickle
cell crisis?
A nurse is preparing a teaching plan for a
sickle cell client, what should the nurse
emphasize on to prevent sickle cell
crisis?
Polycythemia Vera
Excessive production of erythrocytes,
leukocytes, platelets due to excessive
activation of pluripotent stem cells
Manifestations
HTN- headache, vertigo, tinnitus, dizziness,
visual disturbances
CHF- angina- hypervolemia & viscosity
Intermittent claudication- thrombophlebitis
Polycythemia Vera
Stroke- thrombi formation
Pruritus- histamine release from basophils
Hemmorrhage- vessel rupture from tissue
distention
Hepatomegaly & Slenomegaly from organ
engorgement
Plethora- Ruddy complexion
Gout—hyper uric acid production from RBC
destruction
Diagnosis
RBC=8-12 million
Hgb=18-25 gm
Increased platelet count
HCT= >54% in men; 49% in women
Elevated WBCs with basophilia
Increased serum uric acid, B12
Splenomegaly
Hyperplastic bone marrow
Medical/Nursing Management
Goal of treatment is
Reduce blood volume & viscosity
Phlebotomy to Hct levels of 45-48% (about 300500ml/day)
Reduce bone marrow activitymyelosuppressive agents & radioactive
phosphorous
Hydration therapy with I & O
DISORDERS OF BLEEDINGTHROMBOCYTOPENIA
Decreased production of platelets below
150,000/uL
Manifests as bleeding- skin bruises easily
Maybe
acquired –food, drugs, infections, aplastic
anemia
inherited- pancytopenia, hereditary
thrombocytopenia
Diagnosis/ Management
CBC shows low platelet & Hb count
Assess for hx of NSAIDS
Avoid injury
Good oral hygiene & skin care
Rectal enemas & suppository-avoid constipation
Avoid IM, SC injections, rectal temperatures
Apply pressure on any bleeding source
Monitor signs of bleeding
Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura( ITP)
Autoimmune bleeding disorder
Platelets coated with antibodies
Destroyed by macrophages in liver & spleen
Survival is 1-3 days instead of 8-10
Gradual onset & transient remissions occur
Clinical Manifestations
Petecchiae- small, flat, pinpoint red
Purpura-numerous petecchiae
Ecchymosis-large purplish lesions
EpistaxisBleeding gums
Heavy menses
Complication=hemorrhage
Diagnosis
Platelet Ct<100, 000
Prolonged bleeding time with normal
coagulation time
Increased capillary fragility
Positive platelet antibody test
Bone marrow aspirate contains normal
or increased megakaryocytes
Management
Cortecosteroids (prednisone)-suppreses the
phagocytic response of Spleenic macrophages,
depress antibody formation, reduce capillary
permeability & bleeding time
IV immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Immunosuppressive therapy
SplenectomyPlatelet transfusions
Hemophilia
Characterized by prolonged bleeding after surgical/
dental or small trauma or cuts
Types
Hemophilia A- factor Vlll-most common-80% cases
Hemophilia B- factor lX deficiency-inherited gene
Von Willebrand’s disease- deficient Vlll & platelet
dysfunction
Etiology
Sex linked genetic disorder
Transmitted by females but males
express the disorder
Carriers transmit the gene to half their
daughters and the disorder to half their
sons
Males transmit the gene to all their
daughters but none to their sons
Clinical Manifestations
Slow persistent bleeding from cuts/scratches
Delayed hemorrhage-hours/days after injury
Severe bleeding after dental surgery
GI bleed
Nosebleed
Hematoma
Prolonged APTT
Treatment
Goal is to stop bleeding
Increase anti-hemophilic factor-give
factor Vlll, lX
Prevent complications
Support therapy
LEUKEMIA
DESCRIPTION
Malignant exacerbation in the number of
leukocytes, usually at an immature stage, in the
bone marrow
May be acute, with a sudden onset and short
duration, or chronic, with a slow onset and
persistent symptoms over a period of years
Affects the bone marrow, causing anemia,
leukopenia, the production of immature cells,
thrombocytopenia, and a decline in immunity
LEUKEMIA
DESCRIPTION
The cause is unknown and appears to
involve gene damage of cells leading to the
transformation of cells from a normal state
to a malignant state
Risk factors include genetic, viral,
immunological, and environmental factors
and exposure to radiation, chemicals, and
medications
CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKEMIA
ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)
Mostly lymphoblasts present in bone marrow
Age of onset is less than 15 years
CNS manifestation common-leukemic
meningitis
Normally, the lymphocytes fight infection by
making antibodies that attack harmful
elements. But, in ALL, the cells are immature
and overabundant. They crowd out other blood
cells, and may collect in the blood, bone
marrow, and lymph tissue.
CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKEMIA
ACUTE
MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
(AML)
affects the young blood cells (called blasts) that
develop into a type of white blood cell (called
granulocytes). The main function of
granulocytes is to destroy bacteria. The blasts,
which do not mature and become too
numerous, remain in the bone marrow and
blood.
Age of onset is between 15 and 39 years
Classification
CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML)
Mostly granulocytes present in bone marrow
Age of onset is after 50 years of age
CML occurs mainly in adults and is rare in
children
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL)
Mostly lymphocytes (B cells) present in
bone marrow
Age of onset is after 50 years of age,
Diagnosis
CBC-WBC may be normal, decreased or
elevated
Decreased platelet
Decreased Hb
Bone marrow aspiration- increase in
marrow cells
LEUKEMIA
ASSESSMENT
Anorexia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss
Anemia
Bleeding (nosebleeds, gum bleeding, rectal
bleeding, hematuria, increased menstrual
flow)
Petechiae
Prolonged bleeding after minor abrasions or
lacerations
Assessment
Elevated temperature
Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly
Palpitations, tachycardia, orthostatic
hypotension
Pallor and dyspnea on exertion
Headache
Bone pain and joint swelling
Leukemia
ASSESSMENT
Normal, elevated, or reduced white blood
cell (WBC) count
Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit
levels
Decreased platelet count
Positive bone marrow biopsy identifying
leukemic blast phase cells
Leukemia
INFECTION
A major cause of death in the
immunosuppressed client
Can occur through autocontamination or
cross-contamination
Common sites of infection are the skin,
respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal (GI)
tract
Leukemia
IMPLEMENTATION: INFECTION
Initiate protective isolation procedure-also called
Neutropenic Precautions or Reverse isolation
Ensure frequent and thorough hand washing
Reduce exposure to environmental organisms by
eliminating raw fruits and vegetables (low-bacteria)
from the diet, fresh flowers from the client’s room,
and by not leaving standing water in the client’s
room
Avoid invasive procedures such as injections, rectal
temperatures, and urinary catheterization
Leukemia
CLIENT EDUCATION: INFECTION
Avoid crowds and those with infections
Consume a low-bacteria diet and to avoid drinking
water that has been standing for longer than 15
minutes
Avoid activities that expose the client to infection
such as changing a pet’s litterbox or working with
houseplants or in the garden
Neither the client nor their household contacts
should receive immunization with a live virus
Leukemia
BLEEDING
During the period of greatest bone marrow
suppression (the nadir), the platelet count may be
extremely low, less than 10,000/mm3 (bleeding risk)
Examine the client for signs and symptoms of
bleeding; examine all body fluids and excrement for
the presence of blood
Handle the client gently; use caution when taking
blood pressures to prevent skin injury
Measure abdominal girth, which can provide an
indication of internal hemorrhage
Provide safety-pad side rails and sharp corners of
the bed and furniture
Leukemia
IMPLEMENTATION: BLEEDING
Provide soft foods that are cool to warm in
temperature
Avoid injections if possible to prevent trauma to the
skin and bleeding; apply firm, gentle pressure to a
needle stick site for at least 10 minutes
Avoid rectal suppositories, enemas, and
thermometers
If the female client is menstruating, count the
number of pads or tampons used
Administer blood products as prescribed
Leukemia
FATIGUE AND NUTRITION
Assist the client in selecting a well-balanced diet
Provide small, frequent meals (high calorie, highprotein, high-carbohydrate) that require little
chewing
Assist the client in self-care and mobility activities
Allow adequate rest periods during care; do not
perform activities unless they are essential
Administer blood products for anemia as prescribed
Leukemia
CHEMOTHERAPY
Induction therapy: Aimed at achieving a
rapid, complete remission of all
manifestations of the disease
Consolidation therapy: Administered early in
remission with the aim of cure
Maintenance therapy: May be prescribed for
months or years following successful
induction and consolidation therapy; the aim
is to maintain remission
Leukemia
IMPLEMENTATION
Administer antibiotic, antibacterial, antiviral,
and antifungal medications
Blood replacements as needed
Prepare the client for transplantation
Administer colony-stimulating factors as
prescribed
Maintain infection and bleeding precautions
Leukemia
IMPLEMENTATION
Provide an adequate diet
Provide an activity schedule that will
conserve energy
Instruct the client in appropriate home care
measures
Provide psychosocial support and support
services for home care
Leukemias
Acute
Combination Chemo
Induction
Rest- 3 weeks
Consolidation
Maintenace follows
remission- lasts 2-3 years
Bone marrow transplant
Chronic
Treatment based on
symptoms
Radiation to spleen, nodes
Interferon
Autologous stem cell
transplant
Blood transfusions: RBCs,
platelets, WBCs
HODGKIN’S DISEASE
DESCRIPTION
A malignancy of the lymph nodes that originates in
a single lymph node or a single chain of nodes;
metastasis occurs to other adjacent lymph
structures and eventually invades nonlymphoid
tissue
Usually involves lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and
bone marrow and is characterized by the presence
of the Reed-Sternberg cell in the nodes
Possible causes include viral infections and
previous exposure to alkalyting chemical agents
Prognosis is dependent on the stage of the disease
Etiology & Pathophysiology
Unknown cause
Linked to Epstein-Barr Virus
Genetics- high among Jews
Mechanism of growth & spread- unknown
Cancerous cells transforms in lymph and
progresses to other nodes or direct infiltration
of blood vessels
Clinical Manifestations
Enlargement of cervical, axillary, inguinal
lymph nodes may be painless
B symptoms-Weight loss, Fever, night sweats
Cough, stridor, dyspnea
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
SVC syndrome from intra thoracic involvement
Diagnosis & Staging
Peripheral blood analysis-microcytic,
hypochromic anemia, leukocytosis
Lymph node biopsy-definitive dx
Bone marrow examination-staging( l-lV)
CXR, CT Scan, radioisotope studiesdefine sites
Lymphangiography-assess nodes &
vessels
Hodgkins Disease
IMPLEMENTATION
For stage 1 and 2 without mediastinal node
involvement, the treatment of choice is
extensive external radiation of the involved
lymph node regions
With more extensive disease, radiation
along with multi agent chemotherapy is
utilized
HODGKIN’S DISEASE
Implementation
Monitor for side effects related to chemo or
radiation
Monitor for signs of infection & bleeding
Maintain infection and bleeding precautions
Discuss possibility of sterility with male client
receiving radiation & inform of options related to
sperm banks
Pain management
Client & family support
If terminal- ensure client has dignified death
NHL
NON- HODGKIN’S LYPHOMA
Group of malignancies with origins in lymphoid
cells affecting all ages
Most common occurring cancer & 5th leading
cancer causing death
Men are more affected than women; survival
better for women than in men
Incidence higher in whites than other races
Painless lymph node enlargement is primary
manifestation
Symptoms will present on where disease has
spread
Diagnosis & Treatment
Diagnostic tests are same as for Hodgkin’s
disease-Lymph node biopsy done
Treatment-radiation & chemotherapy
Nursing assessment for nodes characteristics,
B symptoms appearance
Support for client & family
Manage risk for infection, bleeding, sexual &
reproductive dysfunction
Nutritional management
Multiple Myeloma
Cancer of the plasma cell, an important part of
the immune system that produces
immunoglobulins (antibodies) to help fight
infection and disease.
Hypercalcemia, anemia, renal damage,
increased susceptibility to bacterial infection,
and impaired production of normal
immunoglobulin are common clinical
manifestations of multiple myeloma. It is often
also characterized by diffuse osteoporosis,
usually in the pelvis, spine, ribs, and skull.
Diagnostics/ Management
Diagnostics
Radiologic studies- lesions in
bones, demineralization,
osteoporosis
Bone marrow biopsy- immature
plasma cells
Abnormal immunoglobulin
Monoclonal immunoglobulin chains
in blood & urine exam
Multiple Myeloma
Management
Chemotherapy, radiation tx
Autologous bone marrow transplant
Plasmapheresis
Hydration, diuretics, phosphate for treatment
of Hypercalcemia
Pain management
Supportive for anemia, leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia