Transcript Blood System

Blood
Blood
• Essential Life Supportive Fluid
• Transported in Closed System
Throughout Body Through Blood
Vessels
Physical Characteristics
• Viscous
• pH 7.35 – 7.45
• Temperature: 38 degrees C; 100.4
degrees F
• 7% - 8% of total body weight
• Males: 5 – 6 liters
• Females: 4 – 5 liters
Functions of Blood
• Transportation
– What is transported?
• Regulation
– What does it help regulate?
• Protection
– How does it protect?
Four Components
• Plasma
• Erythrocytes: (RBCs)
• Leukocytes (WBCs)
• Platelets
Plasma
• Liquid portion: 90-92% water with
fibrous proteins (fibrin)
• Straw colored, sticky fluid
• Carries electrolytes, hormones, gases,
and organic compounds
Erythrocytes
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Shape: biconcave disc
flexibility to change shape
Mature  anucleate
Lifespan: 100 – 120 days
97% is hemoglobin
• Transports O2
Leukocytes/WBCs
Surveillance, Fighters, Protectors
5 Types of WBCs
• Neutrophils: granululocyte (bacterial
and some fungal infections)
• Lymphocyte: agranulocyte (T&B cells)
• Monocyte: agranulocyte
• Eosinophil: granulocyte (allergic
reactions, parasitic infections)
• Basophil: granulocyte
Platelets
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Thrombocytes
Involved in blood clotting
Lifespan: live only 10 days
Aspirin inactivates the platelets
Red Blood Cell Disorders
• Iron-deficiency
anemia
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Insufficient Fe
Affects ______
Results in_____
Patient is _____
Most common
type of anemia
– Looks?
Red Blood Cell Disorders
• Aplastic anemia
– Failure of ____ to
produce enough blood
cells
• Pernicious anemia
– Lack of intrinsic factor
– Inability to absorb
vitamin _____
Sickle Cell Anemia
• History
– Observed in 1910
– 1917 found sickled in
blood smear
– 1949 discovered
Hemoglobin S during
electrophoresis
• Different amino acid
– Sickle Cell Trait
Sickle Cell Trait
Sickle Cell Trait
• Hemoglobin AS
• Heterozygous State
Sickle Cell
• Hemoglobin SS
• Homozygous State
• ~ 8% of American Blacks
• No cure
• Helps against malaria
• Clinical features: bone and
joint abnormalities, enlarged
heart, heart murmurs, retinal
hemorrhage
• What causes a reaction?
Red Blood Cell Disorder
• Diamond Blackfan
Anemia
– Rare, 5-7 per million
– bone marrow fails to
make RBC, severely
anemic
– Associated with birth
defects (most common
head and face, arms
and hands, heart,
genitourinary
White Blood Cell Disorder
• Leukemia
– White blood cell or bone
marrow cancer
– Two main categories:
• Acute
• Chronic
– Subcategorized
• Myelogenous
• Lymphocytic
Cateogories
• Acute: immature WBC
• Chronic: mature, abnormal
WBC
• Lymphocytic: affects bone
marrow that makes WBC
lymphocytes
• Myelogenous: bone marrow
cells that make RBC,
Platelets, WBC other than
lymphocytes
White Blood Cell Disorders
Acute Lymphoblastic
Leukemia (ALL)
• Most common type in
young children
• Affects adults, usually over
65
• Bone cancer where
immature blood cells are
made
• Treatments: good chance for
cure in children
Chronic Lymphocytic
Leukemia
• Most often affects adults
over 55
• Sometimes younger adults,
almost never children
• Bone marrow cancer,
progresses slowly
• Treatments: help control
disease
White Blood Cell Disorders
Acute Myelogenous
Leukemia (AML)
• Most common in adults
• More common in men
• Affects myeloid cells: that
make mature RCB, WBC,
platelets
• Rapid forming
Chronic Myelogenous
Leukemia (CML)
• Mainly in adults (rare for
children)
• Progresses slowly
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ypes/
Platelet/Thrombocytes
• Thrombocytes: nuclear fragments borne
from megakaryoblast
• Activated by clotting proteins in plasma 
make a plug to stop bleeding
Diseases
Thromobocytopenia
• Abnormally low platelet
count
Clotting disorders
• Petechiae, brusing, deep
vein thrombosis
• DVT- blood clot in deep
vein. Usually in lower leg,
thigh, or pelvis.
– What happens if the clot
breaks off and gets to the
lung?
Clotting Disorders
Other Blood Disorders
• Hemochromatosis
– Absorbs too much Fe
from food and vitamins
– Fe builds up=Fe
overload
– Build up can build up
over time and damage
organs (liver, heart,
pancreas)
– Causes: heart
arrhythmias, cirrhosis
• Bleeding & Clotting
Disorders
– Important problem for
women because
disorders to
reproductive issues
– Heavy menstrual
bleeding (menorrhagia)
– Bleeding & clotting
complications of
pregnancy
– Recurrent fetal loss
Hemophilia
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Inherited bleeding disorder
Blood does not clot
Clotting factors are low or none
Problems???
Hemolytic disease of the
newborn
• In fetus is Rh+ and mother was Rh• Must have previous Rh+ pregnancy
– Antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the
RBC
– Results in decreased RBC for fetus = death or
jaundice
• Mother has to receive Rhogam injection
after every Rh+ pregnancy
Jaundice
Mononucleosis
• Mono
• Kissing Disease
• Noncancerous leukocyte disorder from
virus called Epstein-Barr virus
• Lymphocytes
• Signs and Symptoms?
• Resolves itself in 4-6 weeks.
Mononucleosis
Mono: above
Leukemia: below
Difference is the Auer rods in
lymphocyte