Transcript ch_12_blood_cells_1x

BLOOD
PHLEBOTOMIST
person trained to
draw blood from a
patient for clinical
or medical testing,
transfusions,
donations, or
research.
Blood transports
substances and maintains
homeostasis in the body
Hematophobia
= fear of blood
Blood and Blood Cells
Blood is a type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE
It has two basic components:
CELLS (rbc, wbc, platelets) = 45%
Plasma (water, proteins, amino acids..etc) = 55%
To determine the
percentages, blood
is placed in a
centrifuge. Heavier
cells settle to the
bottom of the
sample.
Hematocrit blood cells = 45%.
fluid (plasma) = (55%).
Three Types of Blood Cells
erythrocytes = red blood cells
leukocytes = white blood cells
thrombocytes= platelets
Shape =
Biconcave discs
5 million per
cubic millimeter
Red blood cells lack a NUCLEUS
They do not divide on their own.
HEMATOPOEISIS
– formation of blood cells
-- occurs in the bone marrow
Old blood cells are destroyed by the
liver & spleen - phagocytosis
EPO, or erythropoietin, is a hormone that
increases production of RBC’s.
In the first part of a twonight interview
broadcast Thursday,
disgraced cyclist Lance
Armstrong admitted to
Oprah Winfrey that he
took banned
substances, including
EPO, during all seven
of his Tour de France
victories.
What is EPO? (Gizmodo Article)
Main Functions of RBCs
Transports oxygen,
remove carbon dioxide
HEMOGLOBIN - molecule that combines
with O2
IRON is critical to synthesize hemoglobin
Oxygen Levels
Oxyhemoglobin =
plenty of oxygen; “bright red”
Deoxyhemoglobin =
low in O2, “dark red”
It is a myth that deoxygenated blood appears blue.
The blood on the left is oxygenated, the right is
deoxygenated blood (from a vein)
Source: Wikipedia Commons
Elements Critical to RBC Production
●Folic Acid
●Vitamin B12
●Iron
Too few RBC = anemia
BLOOD DISORDERS
1. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
CO binds to your hemoglobin, prevents oxygen from
binding. Can be fatal. It is a "silent killer" as people often die in
their sleep when a heater fails.
Carbon monoxide
deaths are more
likely to occur in
winter
Article from 2010, St
Clair County
2. ANEMIA
Iron-Deficiency Anemia - low iron, most
common
*treated with iron supplements
Aplastic Anemia – bone marrow does not
produce enough RBC
Hemorrhagic anemia – due to extreme blood loss
Pernicious
anemia – B12
deficiency
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Genetic Disorder
Abnormally shaped
blood cells
Parents can be
carriers
(asymptomatic)
Symptoms:
1.Pain
2.Lethargy
3.Lifelong anemia
(low red blood count)
4.Organ failure
5.Stroke
Leukemia
Cancer of the blood
Overproduction of wbc’s
They take the place of RBCs
Treatable with bone marrow transplants,
chemothemotherapy, radiation
Blood Smear of a
patient with
Leukemia
Blood Smear; Leukemia
St. Jude Hospital
Leukemia is one of the most common childhood cancers. It occurs
when large numbers of abnormal white blood cells fill the bone
marrow and sometimes enter the bloodstream.
Because these abnormal blood cells are defective, they don't help
protect the body against infection the way normal white blood cells
do. And because they grow uncontrollably, they take over the bone
marrow and interfere with the body's production of other important
types of cells in the bloodstream, like red blood cells (which carry
oxygen) and platelets (which help blood to clot).
4. Mononucleosis
sometimes called "mono" or "the
kissing disease," is an infection
usually caused by the Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV).
The designation "mononucleosis"
refers to an increase in one type of
white blood cells (lymphocytes) in the
bloodstream
EBV is very common, and many
people have been exposed to the
virus at some time in childhood.
Article at Medicinenet
5. Blood poisoning - Septicemia
An infection enters the bloodstream
Originating from the
Latin and Greek terms
gangreana, gangrene
literally means
degradation of a part of
the living body.
Can be deadly
Treated with antibiotics
Also called "sepsis"
autoamputation
Thrombocytopenia
Low production of Platelets
Causes bleeding or bruising
A bruise is caused when tiny blood
vessels are damaged or broken as the
result of a blow to the skin (be it
bumping against something or hitting
yourself with a hammer).
The raised area of a bump or bruise
results from blood leaking from these
injured blood vessels into the tissues as
well as from the body's response to the
injury.
7. HEMOPHILIA
This disorder causes a
failure of the blood to clot
Patients can be treated
with blood transfusions
that include clotting
agents.
Queen Victoria
Carrier for Hemophilia
Jaundice
In newborns, caused by the liver
not functioning fully
Secretes bilirubin into the blood
causing the yellow color
Exposure to fluorescent lights (bili
lights) will break down the
substance
BLOOD TYPES
On a cold day in 1667, a renegade physician
named Jean Denis transfused calf's blood
into one of Paris's most notorious madmen. In
doing so, Denis angered not only the elite
scientists who had hoped to perform the first
animal-to-human transfusions themselves,
but also a host of powerful conservatives who
believed that the doctor was toying with
forces of nature that he did not understand.
Just days after the experiment, the madman
was dead, and Denis was framed for murder.
From:
Blood Work: A Tale of Medicine and Murder
in the Scientific Revolution
1901 - Austrian Karl
Landsteiner discovered
human blood groups
Even animals have blood types
Blood Type is Controlled by 3
Alleles 4 Possible Blood Types
Alleles: A, B, O
A & B are codominant
O is recessive
Genotypes
Consider Both Parents
Type A (genotype AA) x Type O (genotype
OO)
Blood Type Antigens
Blood that has antibodies on it
that is not recognized by the
body will be attacked by your
immune system AB is the Universal
Acceptor
O is the Universal Donor
Rh Factor
A person can either be Rh + or Rh –
(positive is dominant)
Rh Factor and Pregnancy
*Problem: When a fetus is Rh+ and the
mother is Rh-, this can cause the mother’s
immune system to attack the fetus. There
are drugs that will suppress this reaction.
Blood Type Test
Blood Safety
EXAMPLES OF BLOODBORNE
PATHOGENS
●HEPATITIS B (HBV)
●HEPATITIS C (HCV)
●Other NON A, NON B HEPATITIS
●HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
●MALARIA
●OTHER POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS MATERIALS
TRANSMISSION
HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus
are the viruses most likely to be transmitted
via the following routes in an occupational
setting:
needle stick / sharps injuries skin or eye
contact mucous membrane and non-intact
skin exposure to contaminated blood or
other potentially infectious materials
Avoid Contact With Blood
●Wear gloves
●Dispose of items that have been
contaminated (tissues, needles, bandaids)
in biohazard containers
●Do not “horse around”
●Treat every person as if they may be
carrying an infectious disease