Transcript Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Diseases and
Abnormal Conditions
Anemia





a. Inadequate number of
erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or
both
b. Symptoms: pallor or
paleness, fatigue, dyspnea,
rapid heart rate
c. Acute blood loss anemia
(1) Caused by hemorrhage
or rapid blood loss
(2) Corrected by
transfusions of blood
Hemorrhage
a. Iron deficiency anemia:
(1) Caused by inadequate amount of iron to
form hemoglobin in erythrocytes
 (2) Treatment: iron supplements and
increased iron intake from green leafy
vegetables and other foods

b. Aplastic Anemia:
(1) Result of injury or destruction of bone
marrow
 (2) Poor or no formation of erythrocytes
 (3) Common causes: chemotherapy,
radiation, toxic chemicals, and viruses
 (4) Treatment: eliminate the cause, blood
transfusions, and bone marrow transplant
 (5) Fatal unless damage can be reversed

c. Pernicious Anemia:
(1) Caused by lack of intrinsic factor, which
results in poor absorption of vitamin B
 (2) Results in formation of inadequate and
abnormally large erythrocytes
 (3) Treatment: replacing intrinsic factor and
administering B injections

d. Sickle Cell Anemia:
(1) Chronic inherited anemia
(2) Results in production of abnormal crescent-shaped
erythrocytes that carry less oxygen, break easily, and
block blood vessels
 (3) Occurs almost exclusively among blacks
 (4) Treatment: transfusions of packed cells and
supportive therapy during a crisis
 (5) Genetic counseling can lead to prevention if carriers
make informed decisions about conception of children


Aneurysm






a. Ballooning out or saclike formation on wall of artery
b. Causes: disease, congenital defects, injuries leading
to a weakening of structure of wall of artery
c. Symptoms: some cause pain and pressure, some
have no symptoms
d. Common sites are cerebral, aortal, and abdominal
e. If aneurysm ruptures hemorrhage occurs, which can
cause death
f. Treatment: surgical removal of damaged area and
replacement with a plastic graft or another blood
vessel
Aneurysms continued…
Abdominal aneurysm
Arteriosclerosis
a. Hardening or thickening of walls of
arteries
 b. Causes loss of elasticity and contractility
 c. Commonly occurs as result of aging
 d. Causes hypertension and can lead to
aneurysm or cerebral hemorrhage

Atherosclerosis
a. Fatty plaques, frequently cholesterol,
deposited on walls of arteries
 b. Causes narrowing of opening, which
reduces or eliminates the flow of blood
 c. If plaques break loose, they can circulate
through the blood stream as emboli

Atherosclerosis continued…






d. Treatment: low-cholesterol diet, medications
to lower cholesterol blood levels, and exercise
e. Surgeries to open clogged arteries
(1) Balloon angioplasty
(2) Coronary atherectomy
Stents
(3) Coronary stent
(4) Bypass surgery when arteries are
completely blocked
Balloon angioplasty
Balloon angioplasty








Congestive Heart Failure
(CHF)
a. Heart muscles do not beat adequately to supply
blood needs of the body
b. May involve either right or left side of heart
c. Symptoms: edema, dyspnea, pallor or cyanosis,
distention of neck veins, weak and rapid pulse, cough
with pink frothy sputum
d. Treatment
(1) Cardiac drugs and diuretics to remove fluid
(2) Elastic support hose to improve circulation
(3) Oxygen therapy and bedrest
(4) Low sodium diet
Embolus
a. Foreign substance
circulating in blood
stream
 b. Can be air, blood clot,
bacterial clumps, fat
globule
 c. Blockage of vessel
occurs when embolus
enters an artery or
capillary too small for
passage

Hemophilia








a. Inherited disease
b. Occurs almost exclusively
in males but carried by females
c. Blood not able to clot due
to lack of plasma protein
(1) Minor cut can lead to
prolonged bleeding
(2) Minor bump can cause
internal bleeding
d. Treatment
(1) Transfusions of whole
blood or plasma
(2) Administration of missing
protein factor
Hypertension











a. High blood pressure
(1) Systolic pressure above 140 to 150
mm of mercury
(2) Diastolic pressure above 90 mm of
mercury
b. Risk factors that increase incidence
(1) Family history
(2) Race: higher in African Americans
(3) Obesity
(4) Stress
(5) Smoking
(6) Aging: higher in postmenopausal
women
(7) Diet high in saturated fat
Hypertension continued…
c. Treatment but no cure
 (1) Antihypertensive drugs
 (2) Diuretics to remove
retained body fluids
 (3) Decreased stress and
avoiding use of tobacco
 (4) Low sodium or low-fat diet
 d. If not treated, can cause
permanent damage to the heart,
blood vessels, and kidneys

Leukemia







a. Malignant disease of bone
marrow or lymph tissue
b. Results in large number of
Microscopic view of leukemia
immature white blood cells
c. Different types of leukemia:
some acute, some chronic
d. Symptoms: fever, pallor, swelling
of lymphoid tissues, fatigue, anemia,
bleeding gums, excessive bruising,
Bleeding gums
joint pain
e. Treatment
(1) Varies with type of leukemia
Chemo
patient
(2) Can include chemotherapy,
radiation, bone marrow transplants
Myocardial Infarction or heart
attack









a. Blockage in coronary arteries
cuts off supply of blood to the
heart
b. Affected heart tissue dies and is
known as an infarct
c. Death can occur immediately if
large area affected
d. Symptoms
(1) Angina pectoris: severe
crushing pain that radiates to
arm, neck, jaw
(2) Pressure in the chest
(3) Perspiration and cold, clammy
skin
(4) Dyspnea
(5) Change in blood pressure
MI continued…







e. Treatment
(1) Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation if heart stops
(2) Immediate treatment
aa. Thrombolytic or
“clot-busting” drug such as
streptokinase or TPA, or
tissue plasminogen
activator
bb. Restores blood flow
to heart
cc. Must be used within
first several hours
dd. Use is prohibited if
bleeding is present
CPR
Thrombolytic drugs
MI continued…










(3) Additional treatment
aa. Complete bed rest
bb. Pain medications and
anticoagulants
cc. Oxygen therapy
dd. Treatment of arrhythmias
(4) Long-term care
aa. Control of blood pressure
bb. Diet low in cholesterol
and saturated fats
cc. Avoidance of tobacco and
stress
dd. Regular exercise and
weight control
Phlebitis








a. Inflammation of vein,
frequently in leg
b. Thrombophlebitis if thrombus Arm & leg phlebitis
or clot forms
c. Symptoms: pain, edema,
redness, discoloration at site
d. Treatment
(1) Anticoagulants and pain
medication
(2) Elevation of affected area
(3) Antiembolism or support
hose
(4) Surgery at times to remove
clot
Thermal imaging of leg phlebitis
Varicose Veins







a. Dilated, swollen veins that have
lost elasticity and cause a stasis or
decreased blood flow
b. Occur frequently in legs
c. Result from pregnancy,
prolonged sitting or standing, and
hereditary factors
d. Treatment
(1) Exercise and avoiding
prolonged sitting or standing
(2) Antiembolism or
support hose
(3) Eliminating tight-fitting or
restrictive clothing