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WARMUP 1. What happens when Pavlov’s dogs have gone through acquisition? 2. How could extinction occur with Pavlov’s dogs? 3. How could spontaneous recovery occur with Dwight in “The Office?” 4. How could generalization occur with the squirt bottle activity? 5. How could discrimination occur with Little Albert? LEARNING STYLE #2: OPERANT CONDITIONING DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CC AND OC In Classical Conditioning, do the organisms have to DO anything to learn a response? No, it’s just automatic In Operant Conditioning, the organisms must “operate” in order to learn. They have to DO something LAW OF EFFECT Thorndike’s law of effect – Rewarded behavior is likely to occur again Thorndike used a puzzle box Rewarded with a fish if they got Cats improved on their time out Yale University Library 4 OPERANT CHAMBER Skinner Developed the Operant chamber, or the Skinner box Used this to teach animals behaviors that were unlike their natural behavior http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGazyH6fQQ4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAQSEO25fa4 Walter Dawn/ Photo Researchers, Inc. From The Essentials of Conditioning and Learning, 3rd Edition by Michael P. Domjan, 2005. Used with permission by Thomson Learning, Wadsworth Division B.F. 5 6 I NEED A VOLUNTEER SHAPING Reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations. “Little by little” 8 REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS Reinforcement Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows How could I strengthen your studying habits? Punishment Any event that decreases the behavior that it follows What could I do to decrease your talking in class? DIFFERENT TYPES OF REINFORCERS AND PUNISHMENT Basic thing to know: Positive does not mean GOOD Negative does not mean BAD Positive means to “GIVE” Negative means to “TAKE AWAY” 10 TYPES OF REINFORCERS Reuters/ Corbis 11 PUNISHMENT 12 Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement Positive Punishment *“Give something good” *“Give bad” Cookies for A’s Spanking for lying Negative Reinforcement *“Take away something bad” Negative Punishment *“Take away good” Take away a lap of running for good practice Take away cell phone for F’s 13 PUNISHMENT PROBLEMS Although there may be some justification for occasional punishment, it usually leads to negative effects. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Results in unwanted fears. Conveys no information to the organism. Justifies pain to others. Causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its absence. Causes aggression towards the agent. Causes one unwanted behavior to appear in place of another. 14 WARMUP! 1 – Positive Reinforcement 2 – Negative Reinforcement 3 – Positive Punishment 4 – Negative Punishment PRIMARY & SECONDARY REINFORCERS 1. 2. Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink. Conditioned Reinforcer: (Secondary Reinforcer) A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer. 16 IMMEDIATE & DELAYED REINFORCERS 1. Immediate Reinforcer: A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior. *A rat gets a food pellet for a bar press. 2. Delayed Reinforcer: A reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior. * A paycheck that comes at the end of a week. We may be inclined to engage in small immediate reinforcers (watching TV) rather than large delayed reinforcers (getting an A in a course) which require consistent study. 17 REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES 1. Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforces the desired response each time it occurs. Learning occurs quickly 2. Partial (Intermittent): Reinforces a response only part of the time. Though this results in slower acquisition in the beginning, it shows greater resistance to extinction later on. 18 PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES Fixed-ratio Variable-ratio Fixed-interval Variable-interval RATIO SCHEDULES Fixed-ratio schedule: Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. (paid on commission) 1. Positive - Will continue working again right when they finish Variable-ratio schedule: Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. 2. Positive - This is hard to extinguish because of the unpredictability. 20 INTERVAL SCHEDULES 1. Fixed-interval schedule: Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. 2. Negative: This produces a choppy start-stop pattern Variable-interval schedule: Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Positive/Negative: Produces slow, steady responses 21 SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT 22 WARMUP 1. Give an example of positive punishment. 2. Give an example of negative reinforcement. 3. What is the difference between fixed and variable? 4. What is the difference between ratio and interval? 5. Give an example of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule. 6. Give an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule. COGNITION & OPERANT CONDITIONING Can we learn without rewards? How do we know? Latent learning Cognitive maps 24 MOTIVATION Intrinsic Motivation: The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. Extrinsic Motivation: The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments. 25 OPERANT CONDITIONING IN OTHER FIELDS OPERANT VS. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING 27 LEARNING TO COPE Problem-focused coping Alleviating stress directly – dealing with the problem Emotion-focused coping Alleviating stress by attending to emotional needs LOCUS OF CONTROL External Locus of Control Perception that outside forces control your fate “My teacher sucks. I’m gonna fail this class” Internal Locus of Control Perception that you control your fate “I gotta work harder. I didn’t study for that.” “I CAN’T HELP IT” Is this something that can be learned? Martin Seligman Dogs strapped in harness Given repeated shocks Could not avoid them What did they learn? They are helpless 30 LEARNED HELPLESSNESS Later, dogs were placed in a situation where they could escape the shocks The dogs cowered and did not escape shocks What does this tell us? 31 LEARNED HELPLESSNESS The hopelessness and passive resignation learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events