Transcript Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning
Intro to Operant conditioning
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teLoNY
vOf90
Operant Conditioning
• A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by reinforcement
or diminished if followed by punishment.
Is the organism learning associations
between events that it doesn’t control?
Classical Conditioning
Is the organism learning associations
between its behavior and resulting
events?
Operant Conditioning
Edward Thorndike
• Law of Effect:
rewarded
behavior is
likely to recur.
One of the few
laws in psychology
B.F. Skinner
Shaping
• A procedure in Operant Conditioning in
which reinforcers guide behavior closer
and closer towards a goal.
Reinforcer
• Any event that STRENGTHENS the
behavior it follows.
Two Types of Reinforcement:
Positive and Negative
Positive Reinforcement
• Strengthens a response by presenting a
stimulus after a response i.e. A reward
Negative Reinforcement
• Strengthens a response by reducing or
removing an aversive stimulus.
Examples of negative
reinforcers
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•Putting up an umbrella to stop (or avoid) getting wet in the rain.
•Putting on your seatbelt to turn off that #$%^&* buzzer.
•Paying taxes to avoid audits and unpleasant visits from the "tax man"
•Giving your children candy, toys, etc., to make them stop whining
•Taking out trash, washing dishes, etc., to end or prevent nagging by spouse
•Obeying posted speed limits (within reasonable tolerance) to avoid
citations.
•Feigning agreement to end an argument
•Taking aspirin (or whatever) to terminate a headache
•Drinking to "ease the pain"
•Leaving an unpleasant party, motion picture, faculty meeting . .
Types of Reinforcers
Primary Reinforcer
• An innately reinforcing stimulusUsually food, drink, sleep
Conditioned (Secondary)
Reinforcer
• A stimulus that gains it reinforcing
power through its association with a
stimulus
Different Reinforcers
• Primary: Getting food
when hungry, drink
when thirsty.
• These are unlearnedinnately satisfying
• Secondary reinforcers
are conditioned
reinforcers
• They are learned
through association
• Examples: money,
grades, stickers,
Immediate v. Delayed
Reinforcers
Reinforcement
Schedules
Continuous
Reinforcement
• Reinforcing the desired response every
time it occurs.
Quick Acquisition
Quick Extinction
Partial Reinforcement
• Reinforcing a
response only part
of the time.
• The acquisition
process is slower.
• Greater resistance
to extinction.
Fixed-ratio Schedules
• A schedule that reinforces a response only
after a specified number of responses.
Example: I give cookie monster a cookie
every FIVE times he sings “C is for cookie”.
Variable-ratio Schedule
• A schedule of
reinforcement that
reinforces a
response after an
unpredictable
number of
responses.
Example: I give Homer a donut at random
times when he says “DOH!!!”
Fixed-interval Schedule
• A schedule of
reinforcement
that reinforces a
response only
after a specified
time has elapsed.
Example: I give Bart a Butterfinger every ten
minutes after he moons someone.
Variable-interval Schedule
• A schedule of
reinforcement that
reinforces a
response at
unpredictable time
intervals.
Pop Quizzes
Video of Reinforcers
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoP2wn2rY&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=2
5&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mod
e=1&safe=active
Punishment
• An event that
DECREASES the
behavior that it
follows.
Punishment
• Positive
• Giving something:
• Spanking, parking
ticket
• Negative
• Removal of
something:
• Time out, losing a
driver’s license,
grounding
Does punishment work
• Suppress behavior not forgotten
• Teaches discrimination- swear but not at
home
• Teaches fear- learn to fear the punisher
• Physical punishment may increase
aggressive behavior also models bad
behavior
More Skinner
• Latent learning- learning
becomes apparent only
when there is an
incentive to demonstrate
it. Example_ children may
learn something from a
parent but demonstrate it
later in life
• Insight learning – AHHA
experience. Figure out a
problem after a period of
time
• Motivation
• Intrinsic- desire
comes from within
• Extrinsic- desire
comes from outside
for a reward or to
avoid punishment
Biological predispositions
• Instinctual drift – the reverting back to a
biologically predisposed pattern
• If you do not reward the dolphins at Mystic
they will not jump through a hoop
Observational learning
• Called social learning- learn by observing and
imitating others
• Modeling- process of observing and imitating
specific behavior
• Mirror neurons- in the frontal lobe fire when
doing a specific task or observing others doing
the task. Enables imitation and empathy
Bandura
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pr0OTC
VtHbU
• View video in Myer’s pack
Applying Observational
Behavior
• Prosocial
• Be a good role model
• Martin Luther King,
Gandhi,
• Be consistent in
words and deeds
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Antisocial
TV and violence
Use video tool kit
Violence viewing
effect has 2 factors:
• Imitation
• desensitization
Supernanny
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXZpgQ6a4o