Transcript Motivation and Emotion

Emotion
What Is an Emotion?
• Organized psychological and physiological
reactions
• These reactions are:
– Bodily Reaction
– Affective (subjective experience)
– Cognition
Triggers
• external events
• thoughts
• behavior (facial feedback)
Characteristics
• Duration
– Short called emotion
– Long called mood
• Valence
– Positive
– Negative
Theories of Emotion
Is emotion in the heart, in the
head, or both?
James-LangeTheory
Also called the James-Lange theory of emotion
Saul Kassin, Psychology. Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission.
Change Associated with Different Emotions
From "Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion-Specific Autonomic Nervous System Activity," by
R.W. Levenson, P. Ekman, and W.V. Friesen, Psychophysiology, 1990, 24, 363-384, © 1990.
Reprinted with permission from Cambridge University Press.
From "Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion-Specific Autonomic Nervous System Activity," by
R.W. Levenson, P. Ekman, and W.V. Friesen, Psychophysiology, 1990, 24, 363-384, © 1990.
Reprinted with permission from Cambridge University Press.
Lie Detection
• James’s theory forms basis.
• Polygraphs monitor physiological activity.
• Different approaches:
– Control question test.
– Directed lie test.
– Guilty knowledge test.
Accuracy of Polygraphs
• Estimate vary widely.
– A guilty person can “fool” a polygraph.
– Some innocent people can be mislabeled as
guilty (false positive).
Cannon-Bard Theory
Saul Kassin, Psychology. Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission.
Updating Cannon’s Theory
• Thalamus is not the “seat” of emotion.
• Specific brain areas produce the feelings
of pleasure or discomfort associated with
emotion
Schachter-Singer Theory
• Cognitive Interpretation/Appraisal
• Unambiguous
– Excitation transfer
• Ambiguous
– Misattribution
» Schachter & Singer (Anger vs. Joy)
» Dutton & Eron (Love vs. Fear)
1. James-Lange theory
Stimulus
Arousal
Emotion
2. Cannon-Bard theory
Stimulus
Arousal
Emotion
3. Schachter-Singer theory
Stimulus
Arousal
Appraisal
4. Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal theories
Stimulus
Appraisal
Arousal
Emotion
Emotion
Main Criticism of Appraisal Theories
• Emotion without “cognition”
– fear conditioning without explicit knowledge
– emotion without awareness
Communicating Emotion
How Do We Communicate
Emotions to One Another?
• Through words.
– Women talk about their emotions and the
complexity of their feelings.
• Through body movement and posture.
– Especially through facial movements and
expressions.
Innate Expressions of Emotion
• Darwin’s universal facial expressions.
– hard-wired
• Supporting evidence
– newborns
– cross-cultural
– blind persons
Next
Facial Displays
ANGER
FEAR
DISGUST
SURPRISE
JOY
SADNESS
Back
Winning Gold or Silver!
Pride
Pride + Shame
Back
Ceremonial Facial Masks And Threat
Back
Cultural Influences
• Cultural variations in recognizing some
emotions.
• Smiles vary as people learn to use them to
communicate certain feelings through
operant conditioning.
• Expression of emotion affected by cultural
rules, called emotion culture
– “stiff upper lip”
Social Influences and Emotion
• Social Referencing
– Adult (Offensive or Not?)
– Infant (OK Mom?)
“Are these OK, Mom?”
Physiology
• Body
– Arousal
– Facial
• Involuntary/voluntary facial displays
• Some Brain Areas
– Amygdala (fear)
– Hypothalamus (attacking rage, defensive rage)
– Lateralization
• Right brain dominant
• Right amygdala (negative emotions)
– Cerebral cortex
• Regulates Emotion (frontal inhibits aggression)
• Serotonin = Inhibitory Effect On Anger
The Autonomic
Nervous System
Back
Smiles:
Faked and
Authentic
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