Transcript emotion
General Psychology PSYC 200 Emotion & Motivation Memory confusions • • • • Retrieval induced forgetting Explicit and implicit memories What is subsequent memory? How much more complex are our memories than our other high-functioning animals? • Why can we store everything in our mind but be unable to recall it? • Why does smell evoke the strongest memories? • Why does memory loss happen both short term and long term Learning confusions • Law of effect • Types of schedules • Different elements of classical conditioning • Update - Food aversions and false memory Outline What is Emotion? Emotional Communication Happiness Motivation Theories of Emotion • try not to think about theories as “right” v. “wrong” • even “wrong” theories are helpful • highlight important variables Scientific Method Results Data Idea Theory Research Design Hypotheses Observing What • Define abstract concepts in terms of concrete operations – Operational Definition • Detect the concrete events that the operational definition specifies – Measure Elements of an Experiment • Manipulation – Independent variable • Under control of experimenter • Measurement – Dependent variable • “Depends” on participant What is Emotion? Three Different theories of Emotion First, recut movie trailers and pranks • Mary Poppins – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T5_0AGdFic &feature=related • The Shining – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmkVWuP_sO 0 • Scary Maze game James-Lange Theory • sequence is the opposite of what we think it is • physiological arousal precedes emotional experience • we cry and then we feel sad Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) Cannon-Bard Theory Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) • physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously • doubted that bodily responses were distinct enough or fast enough Schachter & Singer “Two Factor” Theory of Emotion Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cognitive label “I’m afraid” • physiological arousal is nonspecific • different labels distinguish different emotions • emotion = general arousal + specific label Attribution and Appraisal • we can misattribute arousal to other factors • extension of Schachter-Singer theory • epinephrine study • those who just exercised find cartoons funnier • insults more provocative • scary movies more frightening • sexual arousal can intensify anger • shaky bridge study and the winner is … • all of them • each emotion does seem to have a distinct physiological reaction • subtle differences • physiological reactions often come first • those paralyzed from the neck down report less intense emotions (e.g. anger) than those paralyzed from the waist down • cognitive labels influence our emotional experiences • reframing Facial Feedback Hypothesis • facial expressions can trigger emotions • extension of James-Lange theory Try It • Hold your pen in your mouth, but don’t let your lips touch your pen • you are contracting your zygomatic major muscle • Hold your pen in your mouth with just your lips touching the pen • difficult to contract the zygomatic major muscle Botox? Facial Mimicry • Have you ever felt yourself “catch” someone else’s mood? • partly due to automatic imitation of facial expressions = facial mimicry • smiles • frowns • disgusted looks • Youtube laughing baby – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HttF5HVYtlQ II Facial Expressions Why study the face? • we communicate nonverbally as well as verbally • we evolved to pay attention to faces • So, is reading facial expressions guided by nature or nurture? Universality Hypothesis • facial muscles speak a universal language • babies and young children • even children blind from birth • Paul Ekman • showed photos of various expressions to people in different parts of the world • asked them to guess the emotion Which Emotion? • Happy, Sad, Angry, Disgusted, Fearful, or Surprised http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9oxmRT2YWw http://www.dotolearn.com/games/facialexpressions/face.htm FACS scores differentiate these expressions: • FACS was used by computer animators at DreamWorks to develop Shrek Which is the real smile? IV Happiness Do Handout, and discuss with partner Affective Forecasting • the good news • we tend to overestimate the misery we will feel after bad events • getting fired; getting dumped; failing a course; testing HIVpositive; becoming paraplegic • the bad news • we tend to overestimate the joy we will feel after good events • winning the lottery; getting our dream job; getting perfect As • we overestimate the long-term impact of events and underestimate our capacity to adapt • durability bias • Does money buy happiness? “Taken all together, how would you say things are these days?” Research-Based Suggestions for Increasing Happiness • realize that enduring happiness does not come from financial success • take control of your time • act happy • seek work and leisure that engages your skills • get proper rest and exercise • don’t neglect your close relationships • focus beyond yourself; those who do good, feel good • count your blessings and record your gratitude V Motivation “What do you think…should we get started on that motivation research or not?” Basic Ideas • motivation refers to the cause or purpose of an action • hedonic principle • we are motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid pain • sometimes we are intrinsically motivated • actions that are rewarding • eating chocolate; rock climbing; listening to music • sometimes we are extrinsically motivated • actions that lead to rewards in the long run, but may not be pleasurable in and of themselves • studying; cleaning; working Question for today • You are a 3rd grade teacher and you would like to encourage the children in your class to enjoy reading. Suggestion ways that you might use extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to their maximal advantage. Compare the pros and cons of each. Hierarchy of Needs • Abraham Maslow • basic needs must be met before advanced needs