Transcript Emotion - AP Psychology

Emotion
Defining Emotion
• A response of the whole
organism, involving:
–Physiological Arousal
–Expressive Behaviors
–Conscious Experience,
including thoughts and feelings
Defining Emotion
• Physiological Arousal includes internal
behaviors like heart pounding (when
excited?), dry-mouth (when nervous?), or
shortened breath (when tired?)
• Expressive Behaviors includes external
behaviors like a quickened walking pace
(when fearful?), jumping (excited?),
smiling (happy?)
• Conscious Experience includes identifying
thoughts and feelings (fear, happiness,
anger, etc.?)
•How do we
experience an
emotion?
• James-Lange Theory
• When presented with stimulus, our
body reacts first. We cry, we laugh,
our heart races, our breathing
becomes shallow, we hug, we run
away, etc. After the body reacts,
we feel an emotion based on what
behaviors we exhibited.
–I see a bear. My heart is racing
and I am running away. Those
behaviors mean I am afraid.
• Cannon-Bard Theory
–When a stimulating event
happens, we feel emotions and
physiological changes (such as
muscular tension, sweating,
etc.) at the same time. There is
a simultaneous arousal and
emotion
•I see a bear. I feel afraid as my
heart races and I run away.
• Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory
• After the initial stimulus is presented, our
body begins to react immediately. But before
we experience an emotion, we first evaluate
the stimulus and the context it is presented in
to determine which emotion is correct.
• My heart is pounding and my palms are
sweaty. If the stimulus is a bear, I feel fear
and run away. If the stimulus is another
runner in a race, I feel competitive and run
faster. If the stimulus is a test, I feel nervous
and ask for a pass. If the stimulus is my date
leaning in for a kiss, I feel excited and pucker
up.
•What kind of
emotions can
we feel?
• Carroll Izard identified 10 basic emotions:
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Joy
Interest-Excitement
Surprise
Sadness
Anger
Disgust
Contempt
Fear
Shame
Guilt
–Two-Dimensional Model - Any and
all emotions can be measured as
“positive”, or “negative” (value
measure of pleasantness or
unpleasantness), and again as
either “low arousal”, or “high
arousal” (intensity)
• Positive may be joy, high arousal is
ecstatic, low arousal is relaxed
• Negative may be fear, high arousal is
terrified, low arousal is nervous
Two Dimensions of Emotion
•How do
physiological
changes accompany
emotions?
• The brain identifies our emotional state
• Our autonomic nervous system controls
our arousal
• The sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system directs the
glands and hormones of the body to
react accordingly
• The parasympathetic division is
responsible for putting the body back to
its normal state after an emotional
reaction has occurred
• IE. The brain identifies an emotion as fear. The
brain tells the autonomic nervous system “we
need a response to fear”. The autonomic
nervous system tells its sympathetic division to
create a “fear” reaction in the body. The
sympathetic division tells the adrenal glands to
release adrenaline and norepinephrine. Those
hormones increase the heart rate, increase
blood pressure, and increases blood sugar
levels. When the emotion is over, the
parasympathetic division shuts the glands down
and returns the body to a normal state.
•Do different emotions
activate different
physiological
responses?
NO
• Emotions like fear, anger, and
sexual arousal can all elevate
heart rates, increased
respiration, etc., so in some
cases, multiple emotions do
trigger similar responses
YES
• Amygdala brain activity is different for
different emotions
• Different lobes and hemispheres of the
brain are activated during different
emotions (right during negative, left during
positive)
• Though some physiological responses are
similar for multiple emotions, different
emotions do stimulate different facial
features
Yes
• A polygraph machine can
identify the different
physiological responses
accompanying different
emotions in order to detect
lies.
•How Are
Emotions
Expressed?
• Emotions can be felt internally as the
physiology of the body changes, and
emotions can be projected outwardly
through a variety of non-verbal
methods, including:
– Facial Expressions
– Body Language
– Tone of Voice
Facial Expressions
• Facial expressions are relatively universal
regarding the emotions that they portray.
• There are both conscious and
unconscious facial features that express
emotion. For example, a frown is an
expression of sorry or distress
(consciously), but in addition, generally,
your inner eyebrow lifts as well
(unconsciously).
Facial Expressions
• Trying to fake a smile? More authentic
smiles unconsciously activate muscles
under the eyes and raise cheeks. Feigned
smiles often continue on far too long, and
get switched on and off more often.
Facial Expressions
• Assuming emotional expressions and
postures can trigger a feeling
• Meaning, if you are sad, and force a smile,
the muscles associated with smiling
generate positive feelings in the brain.
Vice-Versa holds true as well.
Body Language and Emotions
• The body conveys how a person feels. Someone
doesn't say "I'm shaking in fear". His body does
this automatically to convey that he is indeed
afraid.
• The cardinal rule when reading the body is to
look out for a coherent cluster of any of the
following: Facial expressions - Gestures, body
movements - Tone of voice/ pace of voice
•
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Examples of Body Signals:
The Eyes
– Direct eye contact occurring 60% of the time indicates that the
prospect is very interested in what you have to say. Eye contact
occurring 80% of the time tells that the prospect is interested in
you sexually. 100% eye contact indicates aggression. Be
forewarned of resistance.
– Frequent avoidance of eye contact reveals that a prospect may be
hiding something. It may also reveal subordination and lack of
confidence. Dilated pupils indicate great interest, either in what
you said or in you.
– Lock eye contact with a woman's gaze. If she drops it instantly
and gazes downward to the left or to the right, it indicates that she
is interested in you. If, on the other hand, she merely glances to
the left or the right (without first dropping her eyes) in order to
avoid your gaze, she simply finds you uninteresting.
– Rapid blinking is a warning sign. If it forewarns that your prospect
may provide resistance to what you have just said.
Examples of Body Signals:
The Legs
• When a prospect 's feet points at you it indicates
that he is interested in what you are saying.
When the feet are pointed away, he may want to
extricate your presence.
• A prospect's crossed legs, when standing,
betray a feeling of isolation. While sitting, a
prospect's crossed legs report that your idea
may not be accepted easily.
• A prospect signals that she may like you when
she sits with her legs tucked under her
haunches. An insistent tapping foot says "Let me
speak" or "I am bored", "What's next"
Verbal Fluency and Emotions
• The way that we speak can also be
indicative of the emotions that we are
feeling.
– IE. Being deceitful? Longer pauses in your verbal flow,
fast talking, hesitations, fewer illustrations, and raised
pitch.
– Sentences that are slowly paced, even, and terminated
with downward inflected tones convey the image of
control and power. Authoritative people audibly and
punctuate sentences with a period. To convey even
more power, they speak at a pace much slower than
normal.
– In contrast, a tone that increases in speed and rises in
pitch indicates escalating nervousness and perhaps
that something is hidden.