Transcript Psychoanalytic Revisionists and Dissenters

Psychoanalytic Revisionists and
Dissenters
Karen Horney
• She used an approach that emphasizes the
importance of sociocultural factors in
development.
• She disagreed with penis envy but instead
felt that both sexes envy the atributes of the
other.
• The need for security is the prime motive in
human existence.
Three Strategies to Cope with
Anxiety
• Move toward people, seeking love and
support.
• Move away from people becoming
independent.
• Moving against people, becoming
competitive and domineering.
(A secure person uses all three but an insecure
person used over use one or more of these.)
Carl Jung
• Collective unconscious is the deepest part of the
unconscious mind which all human share because
our their common ancestral.
• Archetypes are influences that all share due to our
collective unconscious that serve as filters for our
perceptions and experiences.
• He believed that all of us have a passive feminine.
side and an assertive masculine side.
Other Archetypes
• Mandalas - A figure within a circle, has
been used to represent self. (Influence
Poster)
• The shadow - our darker self which is evil
and immoral. (Darth Vader)
Adler’s Individual Psychology
• Emphasized the uniqueness of every
individual.
• He believed that we have the conscious
ability to monitor and direct our lives.
• Other factors than sexual motivation shape
our personalities
Striving for Superiority
• The motivation to adapt to, improve and
master the environment. This is our
response to feelings of inferiority from early
childhood when we encounter people who
are bigger and more powerful which we
strive to overcome.
• Compensation - A person’s attempt to overcome
imagined or real inferiorities by developing
abilities.
• Over compensation – a person’s attempt to deny
rather than acknowledge a real situation in an
exaggerated manner to cover up a weakness.
• Inferiority complex is an exaggerated feelings of
inadequacy and superiority complex is
exaggerated feelings of self-importance that
covers up feelings of inadequacy.
Learning Perspectives
• Pavlov’s classical conditioning
• B.F. Skinner Operant conditioning and
Cognitive Social Learning.
Classical Conditioning
• Something otherwise meaningless becomes
linked to a meaningful experience and
therefore causes same response as the
original experience on it’s own.
Reflexes – hardwired into brain
• Unconditioned
stimulus – a situation
that produces a
response without prior
learning
• For example – you are
cold
• Unconditioned
Response – is
unlearned and it is
automatically
associated with the
unconditioned
stimulus.
• For example – you get
goose bumps.
• Conditioned Stimulus
– a previously neutral
situation that causes
the conditioned
response after being
associated with the
unconditioned
situation (CS).
• For example – class
bell
• Conditioned Response
- learned behavior to a
conditioned stimulus
that occurs after a
relationship has been
created between CS
and US (CR).
• For example – you
know class is over
when the bell rings.
Operant Conditioning – B.F.
Skinner – consequence changes
behavior
• Reinforcement – a
consequence that
increase the likelihood
of a behavior
occurring.
• Punishment – a
consequence that
decreases the
likelihood of a
behavior occurring.
Cognitive Social Learning
Perspective
• Cognitive social learning theory – stresses
the importance of cognition, behavior, and
environment in determining personality.
• Reciprocal Determinism – one’s behavior
and the environment influence each other.
• Observational Learning – modeling
someone else’s behavior
• Mentoring – when a more experienced person
agree to have a relationship with a less
experienced person as a role model.
• Self-efficacy – the belief that once can master a
situation and produce a positive outcome.
• Humanistic Perspectives – phenomenological
worldview – reality is what each person perceives.
Personality Type of Theories
• Sheldon – distinct body types are associated
with personality characteristics
– Endomorph – round people who are relaxed
and fun loving
– Mesomorph – muscular and athletic people who
are energetic, assertive and courageous
– Ectomorph – tall, thin and fragile people who
are fearful, introverted and restrained.