Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

Step Up To: Psychology
by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
From Myers,
Psychology 8e
Worth Publishers
Chapter 8: Learning
Watch & Learn
Reinforce Me!
Think!
Animals Learn
Those Kids!
Animals Learn
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400
300
200
100
Reinforce Me!
500
400
300
200
100
Watch & Learn
500
400
300
200
100
Think!
500
400
300
200
100
Those Kids!
500
400
300
200
100
1. In Pavlov’s experiments on the
salivary conditioning of dogs, the UCS
was:
• A) a tone.
• B) salivation to the sound of a
tone.
• C) the presentation of food in the
dog’s mouth.
• D) salivation to the food in the
mouth.
2. Male Japanese quail became sexually
aroused by a red light that was repeatedly
associated with the presentation of a
female quail. The sexual arousal elicited
by the red light was a:
•
•
•
•
A) CR.
B) CS.
C) UCR.
D) UCS.
3. After learning to fear a white rat, Little
Albert responded with fear to the sight of
a rabbit. This best illustrates the
process of:
•
•
•
•
A) secondary reinforcement.
B) generalization.
C) shaping.
D) latent learning.
4. You would be most likely to use
operant conditioning to teach a dog
to:
• A) fear cats in the street.
• B) dislike the taste of dead
birds.
• C) wag its tail whenever it is
emotionally excited.
• D) retrieve sticks and balls.
5. The “psychic secretions” that
interfered with Pavlov’s
experiments on digestion were:
•
•
•
•
A) unconditioned responses.
B) primary reinforcers.
C) conditioned responses.
D) conditioned stimuli.
6. The taste of food and the termination of
painful electric shock are both ____
reinforcers.
•
•
•
•
A) positive
B) primary
C) negative
D) conditioned
7. Purchasing state lottery tickets is
reinforced with monetary winnings
on a _____ schedule.
•
•
•
•
A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio
8. Resistance to extinction is most
strongly encouraged by _____
reinforcement.
•
•
•
•
A) intermittent
B) delayed
C) condition
D) negative
9. Watching the night sky for shooting
stars is likely to be reinforced on a
_____ schedule.
•
•
•
•
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio
10. Mason, a stockbroker, runs two
miles every day after work because it
reduces his level of stress. Mason’s
running habit is maintained by a _____
reinforcer.
•
•
•
•
A) positive
B) negative
C) conditioned
D) partial
11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap
backward because he noticed his older
brother does so. This illustrates the
importance of:
• A) respondent behavior.
• B) immediate reinforcement.
• C) shaping.
• D) modeling.
12. Who highlighted the importance
of observational learning?
•
•
•
•
A) Watson
B) Bandura
C) Skinner
D) Pavlov
13. Prolonged exposure leads
viewers to experience ___ sympathy
for victims of violence and to become
___ upset by the sight of real life
violence.
•
•
•
•
A) less; less
B) more; more
C) more; less
D) less; more
14. Children exposed to a model who
preached one thing and did another:
• A) ignored both what the model
said and did.
• B) ignored what the model did and
did what the model said.
• C) ignored what the model said
and both talked and acted in ways
consistent with what the model did.
• D) said what the model said and
did what the model did.
15. Children are especially likely to
behave aggressively after viewing TV
violence in which an attractive person
commits ____ violence that causes ____.
• A) justified; no visible pain or harm.
• B) unjustified; no visible pain or harm.
• C) justified; a lot of visible pain or
harm.
• D) unjustified; a lot of visible pain
or harm.
16. After a week at college, Su-Chuan
has formed a mental representation of
the layout of the campus and no longer
gets lost. She has developed a:
•
•
•
•
A) visual memory.
B) perceptual delineation.
C) cognitive map.
D) fixed-interval schedule.
17. The fact that learning can occur
without reinforcement is most clearly
demonstrated by studies of:
•
•
•
•
A) shaping.
B) latent learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) computer-assisted
instruction.
18. The desire to engage in an activity
for the sake of its own enjoyment
involves:
•
•
•
•
A) secondary reinforcers.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) latent learning.
19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for
food than to train it to stand on its hind
legs for food. This best illustrates the
importance of ______ in learning.
•
•
•
•
A) primary reinforcement
B) generalization
C) negative reinforcers
D) biological predispositions
20. When people are paid to do things
they already enjoy doing, the result is
often:
• A) they will perform the activity less.
• B) they will perform the activity
more often.
• C) they will perform the activity
longer.
• D) there will be no change.
21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars
may also begin to fear speeding trucks
and motorcycles. This best illustrates:
•
•
•
•
A) generalization.
B) secondary reinforcement.
C) shaping.
D) latent learning.
22. By pushing vending machine buttons,
children often learn that this action is
associated with the delivery of a candy bar.
This best illustrates the process underlying:
•
•
•
•
A) latent learning.
B) intermittent reinforcement.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.
23. For purposes of effective childrearing, most psychologists favor the
use of _____ over _____.
• A) shaping; modeling
• B) reinforcement; punishment
• C) spontaneous recovery;
extinction
• D) classical conditioning;
operant conditioning.
24. A child’s fear at the sight of a
hypodermic needle is a(n):
•
•
•
•
A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.
25. In explaining juvenile delinquency,
B.F. Skinner would most likely have
emphasized:
•
•
•
•
A) inherited predispositions.
B) fear and greed.
C) faulty child-rearing practices.
D) a lack of moral values in
contemporary society.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. In Pavlov’s experiments on the
salivary conditioning of dogs, the UCS
was:
• A) a tone.
• B) salivation to the sound of a
tone.
• C) the presentation of food in the
dog’s mouth.
• D) salivation to the food in the
mouth.
317
2. Male Japanese quail became sexually
aroused by a red light that was repeatedly
associated with the presentation of a
female quail. The sexual arousal elicited
by the red light was a:
•
•
•
•
A) CR.
B) CS.
C) UCR.
D) UCS.
318
3. After learning to fear a white rat, Little
Albert responded with fear to the sight of
a rabbit. This best illustrates the process
of:
•
•
•
•
A) secondary reinforcement.
B) generalization.
C) shaping.
D) latent learning.
320
4. You would be most likely to use
operant conditioning to teach a dog
to:
• A) fear cats in the street.
• B) dislike the taste of dead
birds.
• C) wag its tail whenever it is
emotionally excited.
• D) retrieve sticks and balls.
328
5. The “psychic secretions” that
interfered with Pavlov’s
experiments on digestion were:
•
•
•
•
A) unconditioned responses.
B) primary reinforcers.
C) conditioned responses.
D) conditioned stimuli.
316
6. The taste of food and the termination of
painful electric shock are both ____
reinforcers.
•
•
•
•
A) positive
B) primary
C) negative
D) conditioned
320
7. Purchasing state lottery tickets is
reinforced with monetary winnings
on a _____ schedule.
•
•
•
•
A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio
332
8. Resistance to extinction is most
strongly encouraged by _____
reinforcement.
•
•
•
•
A) intermittent
B) delayed
C) condition
D) negative
331
9. Watching the night sky for shooting
stars is likely to be reinforced on a
_____ schedule.
•
•
•
•
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio
331
10. Mason, a stockbroker, runs two
miles every day after work because it
reduces his level of stress. Mason’s
running habit is maintained by a _____
reinforcer.
•
•
•
•
A) positive
B) negative
C) conditioned
D) partial
329
11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap
backward because he noticed his older
brother does so. This illustrates the
importance of:
•
•
•
•
A) respondent behavior.
B) immediate reinforcement.
C) shaping.
D) modeling.
341
12. Who highlighted the importance
of observational learning?
•
•
•
•
A) Watson
B) Bandura
C) Skinner
D) Pavlov
343
13. Prolonged exposure leads
viewers to experience ___ sympathy
for victims of violence and to become
___ upset by the sight of real life
violence.
•
•
•
•
A) less; less
B) more; more
C) more; less
D) less; more
345
14. Children exposed to a model who
preached one thing and did another:
• A) ignored both what the model said
and did.
• B) ignored what the model did and
did what the model said.
• C) ignored what the model said and
both talked and acted in ways
consistent with what the model did.
• D) said what the model said and
did what the model did.
344
15. Children are especially likely to
behave aggressively after viewing TV
violence in which an attractive person
commits ____ violence that causes ____.
• A) justified; no visible pain or harm.
• B) unjustified; no visible pain or harm.
• C) justified; a lot of visible pain or
harm.
• D) unjustified; a lot of visible pain or
harm.
345
16. After a week at college, Su-Chuan
has formed a mental representation of
the layout of the campus and no longer
gets lost. She has developed a:
•
•
•
•
A) visual memory.
B) perceptual delineation.
C) cognitive map.
D) fixed-interval schedule.
334
17. The fact that learning can occur
without reinforcement is most clearly
demonstrated by studies of:
•
•
•
•
A) shaping.
B) latent learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) computer-assisted
instruction.
334
18. The desire to engage in an activity
for the sake of its own enjoyment
involves:
•
•
•
•
A) secondary reinforcers.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) latent learning.
335
19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for
food than to train it to stand on its hind
legs for food. This best illustrates the
importance of ______ in learning.
•
•
•
•
A) primary reinforcement
B) generalization
C) negative reinforcers
D) biological predispositions
335
20. When people are paid to do things
they already enjoy doing, the result is
often:
• A) they will perform the activity
less.
• B) they will perform the activity
more often.
• C) they will perform the activity
longer.
• D) there will be no change.
335
21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars
may also begin to fear speeding trucks
and motorcycles. This best illustrates:
•
•
•
•
A) generalization.
B) secondary reinforcement.
C) shaping.
D) latent learning.
320
22. By pushing vending machine
buttons, children often learn that this
action is associated with the delivery of
a candy bar. This best illustrates the
process underlying:
•
•
•
•
A) latent learning.
B) intermittent reinforcement.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.
326
23. For purposes of effective childrearing, most psychologists favor the
use of _____ over _____.
• A) shaping; modeling
• B) reinforcement; punishment
• C) spontaneous recovery;
extinction
• D) classical conditioning;
operant conditioning.
332
24. A child’s fear at the sight of a
hypodermic needle is a(n):
•
•
•
•
A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.
318
25. In explaining juvenile delinquency,
B.F. Skinner would most likely have
emphasized:
• A) inherited predispositions.
• B) fear and greed.
• C) faulty child-rearing
practices.
• D) a lack of moral values in
contemporary society.
338
Acknowledgements
• Step Up Created by:
– John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Based on Psychology,
Eighth Edition by
• David Myers
• Published by
• Worth Publishers, 2006
Answers
1.
C
9.
C
17.
B
2.
A
10.
B
18.
C
3.
B
11.
D
19.
D
4.
D
12.
B
20.
A
5.
C
13.
A
21.
A
6.
B
14.
D
22.
D
7.
D
15.
A
23.
B
8.
A
16.
C
24.
A
25.
C