Transcript law of effect - Blue Valley Schools

• Through direct experience with animals,
we come to anticipate that dogs will bark
and that birds will chirp. This best
illustrates:
• A. the law of effect.
• B. spontaneous recovery.
• C. respondent behavior.
• D. associative learning.
• Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began
salivating at the mere sight of the person
who regularly brought food to them. For
the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):
• A. primary reinforcer.
• B. unconditional stimulus.
• C. immediate reinforcer.
• D. conditioned stimulus.
• Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n)
________ comes after a(n) _____.
• A. CS; US
• B. UR; CS
• C. secondary reinforcer; operant
behavior
• D. negative reinforcer; operant behavior
• The predictability of an association between a
CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to
anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is
most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________
perspective.
• A. evolutionary
• B. behaviorist
• C. cognitive
• D. neuroscience
• Researchers condition a flatworm to
contract when exposed to light by
repeatedly pairing the light with electric
shock. The electric shock is a(n):
• A. negative reinforcer.
• B. conditioned stimulus.
• C. conditioned reinforcer.
• D. unconditioned stimulus.
• If you get violently ill a couple of hours after
eating contaminated food, you will probably
develop an aversion to the taste of that food but
not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate
or to the sound of the music you heard there.
This best illustrates that associative learning is
constrained by:
• A. intrinsic motivation.
• B. spontaneous recovery.
• C. biological predispositions.
• D. conditioned reinforcers.
• After getting ill from eating her friend’s
Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldn’t stand the
the sight or smell of turkey. However, when her
friend baked a whole chicken, Natalia thought it
sounded good. This illustrates:
• A. generalization.
• B. discrimination.
• C. extinction.
• D. acquisition.
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The law of effect relates most closely to:
A. modeling.
B. operant conditioning.
C. classical conditioning.
D. latent learning.
• For some children who bite themselves or bang
their heads, squirting water into their faces when
they hurt themselves has been observed to
decrease the frequency of these self-abusive
behaviors. This best illustrates the potential
value of:
• A. punishment.
• B. conditioned reinforcers.
• C. negative reinforcers.
• D. latent learning.
• Occasional, unpredictable reinforcement
usually results in _________ rates of
responding.
• A. unpredictable
• B. steady
• C. delayed
• D. speedy
• Mirror neurons are important to the
process of learning because they:
• A. enhance cognitive maps.
• B. enable imitation.
• C. provide a neurological basis for
operant conditioning.
• D. explain aversive conditioning.
• Martin likes to shower in the men’s locker room after
working out. During a shower he hears a toilet flushing
nearby. Suddenly boiling hot water comes out of the
showerhead, causing Martin serious discomfort. Later
on in the shower, he hears another toilet flush and he
immediately jumps out from under the showerhead. In
this scenario, what is the unconditioned response (UR)?
• A. jumping out of the shower
• B. sound of the toilet flushing
• C. pain avoidance
• D. boiling hot water
• A child is sent to his room with no supper
because he presented a bad report card to his
parents. The parent’s intent was to:
• A. punish poor academic performance.
• B. negatively reinforce poor academic
performance.
• C. extinguish poor academic performance.
• D. partially reinforce poor academic
performance.
• Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had
become tainted from being in the sun too long.
Not long after eating, Brian became extremely
nauseated and felt awful. After that, even the
sight of a tuna sandwich caused Brian to feel
nauseated. In this scenario, what is the
conditioned response (CR)?
• A. tuna
• B. nausea
• C. mayonnaise
• D. sight of any sandwich
• Luke gets paid a fixed sum after every four
pianos he tunes. He is on a _________
schedule of reinforcement.
• A. fixed interval
• B. fixed ratio
• C. variable interval
• D. variable ratio
• Extinction occurs ___________ in classical
conditioning and ___________ in operant
conditioning.
• A. when the CS is presented with the US; when
reinforcement increases
• B. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly;
when reinforcement increases
• C. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly;
when reinforcement stops
• D. when the CS is presented with the US; when
reinforcement stops
Memory
• Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s
classic three-stage model of memory
includes all of the following, EXCEPT:
• A. short-term memory.
• B. long-term memory.
• C. flashbulb memory.
• D. sensory memory.
• When you hear familiar words in your
native language, it is virtually impossible
not to register the meanings of the words.
This best illustrates the importance of:
• A. chunking.
• B. flashbulb memory.
• C. automatic processing.
• D. iconic memory.
• According to the serial position effect, you will
remember more:
• A. items at the beginning and end of a list, than
in the middle.
• B. items in the middle of a list, than at the
beginning and end.
• C. vocabulary words if you process them
visually.
• D. vocabulary words if you process them
acoustically.
• Which of the following processes is likely
to result in the best memory for words?
• A. visual encoding
• B. acoustic encoding
• C. rote memorization
• D. semantic encoding
• Memories of emotional events are
especially likely to be facilitated by
activation of the:
• A. amygdala.
• B. hypothalamus.
• C. sensory cortex.
• D. motor cortex.
• Which of the following is most likely to be
stored as an implicit memory?
• A. a mental image of one's best friend
• B. the date of one's own birth
• C. a conditioned fear of guns
• D. one's own name
• Priming refers to:
• A. the sense that one has been in a
particular situation before.
• B. better recall for experiences that are
consistent with one’s current mood.
• C. attributing a memory to an erroneous
source.
• D. the activation of associations in
memory.
• Each of the following “sins of memory”
involves distortion, EXCEPT:
• A. suggestibility.
• B. bias.
• C. misattribution.
• D. absent-mindedness.
• The reason most North Americans cannot
accurately describe the head of a penny is
due to:
• A. storage decay.
• B. encoding failure.
• C. motivated forgetting.
• D. retrieval failure.
• After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle
accident, Adam cannot form new memories. He
can, however, remember his life experiences
before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty
most clearly illustrates:
• A. repression.
• B. retroactive interference.
• C. encoding failure.
• D. source amnesia.
• During her evening Spanish language exam,
Janica so easily remembers the French
vocabulary she studied that morning that she
finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary
she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best
illustrates:
• A. the spacing effect.
• B. proactive interference.
• C. retroactive interference.
• D. state-dependent memory.
• The surprising ease with which people
form false memories best illustrates that
the processes of encoding and retrieval
involve:
• A. implicit memory.
• B. automatic processing.
• C. long-term potentiation.
• D. memory construction.
• Which of the following would be predicted by
Ebbinghaus’ famous forgetting curve? Several years
after learning the dates of important historical events for
a college class, students:
• A. will remember most of the dates, and will remember
them for years to come.
• B. will remember most of the dates, and will slowly start
to forget them.
• C. will have forgotten most of the dates, but what they
do remember, they’ll remember for years to come.
• D. will have forgotten most of the dates, but during the
years to come, they will again remember what they
initially forgot.
• You are used to driving a car with a standard
shift. Today you are driving a friend’s car that
has an automatic transmission. As you drive,
you keep trying to shift gears, but there is no
shift. This tendency is most likely due to:
• A. retroactive interference.
• B. proactive interference.
• C. motivated forgetting.
• D. encoding failure.
• We have all had the experience of the tip-of-thetongue phenomenon. We are asked to
remember someone’s name. We are certain
that we know the name and feel as if we are just
about to remember it, yet it remains elusive.
What type of forgetting might be at work here?
• A. encoding failure
• B. retroactive interference
• C. retrieval failure
• D. motivated forgetting
• You are asked to recall the names of the Seven
Dwarfs in the Snow White fairy tale. You are
familiar with the story, and may have even seen
a movie of the story, yet you cannot remember
all seven names accurately. What type of
memory problem might account for this?
• A. retrieval failure
• B. encoding failure
• C. proactive interference
• D. storage failure
• As a child, Theo often looked at a picture album
that included photos of a family reunion.
Although Theo had not attended the reunion
because he had been ill, he remembers being
there. Theo’s mistake best illustrates the “sin”
of:
• A. suggestibility.
• B. persistence.
• C. misattribution.
• D. transience.