Transcript Retrieval Failure - Supplemental

Encoding Failure
Illustrate the effort needed to store
some things in our memory despite
extensive exposure to the stimuli.
Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to
poor encoding, storage, or retrieval.
Encoding Failure
We cannot remember what we do not
encode.
Activity: Encoding Failure
• 1. What is the color of the top stripe of the
American flag? The bottom stripe? How many
red and how many white stripes does it have?
• 2. If you have a watch with mechanical hands,
cover the face and try to recall what it looks like.
How many numbers does it have? Are they
Arabic or Roman numerals—or does it have any
numbers at all?
Activity: Encoding Failure
• 3. Most wooden pencils are not round. How many sides
do they typically have?
• 4. In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her
torch?
• 5. The White House is pictured on the back of a $20 bill.
What is on the back of a $10 bill? A $5 bill? A $1 bill?
• 6. What four words besides “In God We Trust” appear
on most U.S. coins?
Activity: Encoding Failure
• 1. What is the color of the top stripe of the
American flag? (Red) The bottom stripe? (Red)
How many red and how many white stripes does
it have? (7 red and 6 white)
• 2. If you have a watch with mechanical hands,
cover the face and try to recall what it looks like.
How many numbers does it have? Are they
Arabic or Roman numerals—or does it have any
numbers at all?
Activity: Encoding Failure
• 3. Most wooden pencils are not round. How many sides
do they typically have? (Six)
• 4. In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her
torch? (Right)
• 5. The White House is pictured on the back of a $20 bill.
What is on the back of a $10 bill? (Treasury Building) A
$5 bill? (Lincoln Memorial) A $1 bill? (The word
“One”)
• 6. What four words besides “In God We Trust” appear
on most U.S. coins? (United States of America)
Activity 2: Penny
• Which way does Lincoln face as you look
at a penny?
• Is anything written above his head?
• Anything below his head?
• Anything written to the left of his face?
• Anything written to the right of his face?
The reason most North Americans
cannot accurately describe the head
of a penny is due to:
storage decay.
encoding failure.
motivated forgetting.
retrieval failure.
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Storage Decay
Poor durability of stored memories leads to
their decay. Ebbinghaus showed this with
his forgetting curve.
Retaining Spanish
Bahrick (1984) showed a similar pattern of
forgetting and retaining over 50 years.
Andrew Holbrooke/ Corbis
Retrieval Failure
Although the information is retained in the
memory store, it cannot be accessed.
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure
phenomenon. Given a cue (What makes blood cells
red?) the subject says the word begins with an H
(hemoglobin).
Interference
Learning some new information may disrupt
retrieval of other information.
Retroactive Interference
Sleep prevents retroactive interference. Therefore, it
leads to better recall.
During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica
so easily remembers the French vocabulary she
studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall
the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that
afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates:
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the spacing effect.
proactive interference.
retroactive interference.
state-dependent memory.
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After suffering a brain injury in a
motorcycle accident, Adam cannot
form new memories. He can, however,
remember his life experiences before
the accident. Adam's memory difficulty
most clearly illustrates:
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repression.
retroactive interference.
encoding failure.
source amnesia.
After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle
accident, Adam cannot form new memories. He can,
however, remember his life experiences before the
accident. Adam's memory difficulty most clearly
illustrates:
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repression.
retroactive interference.
encoding failure.
source amnesia.
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