Transcript AP Review - Learning

Learning
• Learning versus Instincts
• Simple forms of learning
– Habituation
– Mere exposure effect
Learning
• Classical Conditioning
– Ivan Pavlov
– Neutral stimulus
– Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
– Unconditioned response (UCR)
– Acquisition
– Conditioned stimulus (CS)
– Conditioned response (CR)
Learning
Learning
Learning
• Operant Conditioning
– B.F. Skinner
– Positive and negative reinforcement
– Contingencies of reinforcement
– Schedules o reinforcement
– Ratio or interval
– Fixed versus variable
– Primary and secondary reinforcers
– Premack principle
Cognitive Learning
• Insight learning - problem solving occurs by means of
a sudden reorganization of perceptions
– Wolfgang Köhler
Cognitive Learning
• Cognitive maps - mental representation of physical
space
– Edward Tolman
Cognitive Learning
• Albert Bandura Bobo doll experiment
The story of Sabra overcoming he fear of flying
and getting the job illustrates the concept of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Good luck
Learning
Hard Work
Skill
Talent
75%
15%
5%
5%
0%
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The type of learning in which association plays a
major role is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Classical conditioning
Instinctual learning
Operant conditioning
Social learning
Insight learning
50%
40%
5%
5%
D.
E.
0%
A.
B.
C.
When you learn to ignore the sound of traffic on
the busy street where you live, you are exhibiting
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
100%
Unlearning
Habituation
Conditioning
Instinct
Prompting
0%
A.
0%
B.
C.
0%
0%
D.
E.
You were conditioned to smile when you hear Christmas carols.
During the summer, this response diminishes. However, in
November when you hear these songs, you begin to smile again.
In classical conditioning, the return of this response is known as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Acquisition
Extinction
Reconditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Generalizations
85%
15%
0%
A.
0%
B.
C.
0%
D.
E.
You were frightened by a yellow cat when you
were a child. Now you get scared whenever you
see any cat. In classical conditioning, this
response would be known as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination
Generalization
Insight
Extinction
100%
0%
0%
A.
B.
C.
0%
0%
D.
E.
Dr. Susie has a client who is exhibiting an undesirable
conditioned fear. Susie decides to try a therapeutic strategy
called __________ conditioning to extinguish the response.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Appetitive
Aversive
Reflex
Stimulus
Counter
62%
19%
0%
A.
19%
0%
B.
C.
D.
E.
Your psychology professor gives several scheduled short
quizzes and three scheduled tests throughout the
semester. She is using a __________schedule of
reinforcement.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Fixed interval
Variable ratio
Variable interval
Fixed ratio
Continuous
43%
19%
19%
19%
0%
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Stimuli that fulfill basic needs and acts as a reinforce are
called_______ reinforcers.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Secondary
Natural
Conditioned
Primary
Neutral
95%
0%
A.
5%
B.
0%
C.
0%
D.
E.
Punishment is designed to ______ a behavior while
negative reinforcement is designed to _______ a
behavior.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Increase, decrease
Extinguish, repeat
Highlight, emphasize
Repeat, extinguish
Decrease, increase
65%
20%
10%
5%
0%
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The lights in your house went out and it was pitch dark in
your house. You were able to navigate to the kitchen
because of a _______ map.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Navigation
Cognitive
Memory
Representation
Environmental
90%
5%
A.
5%
B.
C.
0%
0%
D.
E.
You are in the grocery store waiting to check out. Your
son cries because he wants candy. When you give in to
his demands to make the tantrum stop, he has been
________.
70%
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Positively reinforced
Socially reinforced
Negatively reinforced
Positively punished
Classical conditioning
15%
10%
5%
0%
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Your teacher says that if everyone stays quiet for the
next thirty minutes, the class would have no homework.
This is an example of…
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement
65%
20%
15%
0%
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
E.
Kohler’s study of chimpanzees suggests that they
reorganize their perceptions, a mental process he
called ______ learning.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
85%
Operant
Latent
Classical
Insight
Perceptual
15%
0%
0%
0%
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Jack learned how to shoot a free-throw by
watching his older brother. Bandura called this
________ learning.
100%
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Insight
Latent
Imitational
Perceptual
Observational
0%
0%
0%
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
E.
The part of the brain most implicated in the
development of cognitive is the_______.
40%
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Cerebellum
20%
20%
20%
0%
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Studies of learning have shown that animals
develop a aversion for tastes associated with…
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
95%
Electric shock
Extinguished association
Sickness
Novel stimuli
Starvation
5%
A.
0%
B.
C.
0%
0%
D.
E.