Transcript Learning
LEARNING MYERS CH. 6 LEARNING • The acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner. • Three types: • 1) Classical Conditioning • 2) Operant Conditioning • 3) Observational Learning CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • Pavlov: “Forty Studies” • Behaviorist • Def: when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TERMINOLOGY • Unconditioned Stimulus: something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism • Unconditioned Response: a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus • Conditioned Stimulus: a stimulus that is initially neutral that produces no reliable response in an organism • Condition Response: a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is by a conditioned stimulus Figure 6.3 Pavlov’s classic experiment Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response. © 2010 by Worth Publishers WATER BOTTLE EXPERIMENT • Unconditioned Stimulus: • Squirt of water • Unconditioned Response: • Flinch • Conditioned Stimulus: • “CAN” • Conditioned Response: • Flinch Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning MORE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TERMS • Acquisition: the stage when the CS and US are paired together. • Generalization: when the CR occurs even if the CS is slightly different • Discrimination: the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli. • Extinction: the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented • Spontaneous Recovery: the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: DWIGHT GETS CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED • As you watch the clip, identify the following: • UCS • Tasting an altoid • UCR • Minty fresh breath • CS • Hearing the computer booting up • CR • Strange, gross feeling in mouth OPERANT CONDITIONING SHELDON TRAINS PENNY OPERANT CONDITIONING • A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher OPERANT CONDITIONING SKIING SQUIRREL • Shaping: operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior • HeroRATS • Discriminative Stimulus—signals that the response will be inforced (i.e., landmine or TB for HeroRATS) TYPES OF REINFORCERS • Positive reinforcement— strengthens behavior via reward • Negative reinforcement— strengthens behavior via removing something negative PUNISHMENT • Positive punishment: reducing likelihood of behavior by adding something bad • Negative punishment: reducing likelihood of behavior by taking away something good Positive Reinforcement “Reward” + good behavior Positive Punishment + bad behavior Negative Reinforcement --bad behavior Negative Punishment --good behavior I NEED THREE VOLUNTEERS! (I PROMISE YOU WILL NOT GET SPRAYED IN THE FACE WITH WATER) • When you enter the room the class will try to shape your behavior using a method of operant conditioning. YOUR OPERANT CONDITIONING CHALLENGE • I challenge you to train me using operant conditioning methods • You have one month and you have to agree as a class what you will try to accomplish. • You can debrief me at the end of class on November 28th...the Wednesday after Thanksgiving Break. This will be a great opportunity to measure extinction and spontaneous recovery! SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT • Continuous reinforcement— reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs • Good: learning happens quickly • Bad: extinction occurs quickly • Intermittent reinforcement— responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not • Good: greater resistance to extinction • Bad—learning occurs more slowly TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT • Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement is given after a set number of responses • Examples? TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT • Variable-ratio schedule: reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses • Examples? TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT • Fixed-interval schedules: reinforce the first response after a fixed time period. • Examples? TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT • Variable-interval schedule: reinforce the first response after a varying time interval • Examples? THIS MIGHT HELP KEEP THEM STRAIGHT… • 1. Do you see something that's set or seems to have a distinct pattern, or do you see something that seems to change? Pick either fixed or variable. • 2. Do you see a number or do you see a unit of time? Pick either ratio or interval. MYERS' DEMONSTRATION OF REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES CLICK HERE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT • Teachers use operant conditioning methods in various ways while grading assignments. • How do you feel when a teacher doesn’t give reinforcement for every assignment? REWARDS AND MOTIVATION • Would greater rewards motivate you more? • "Drive" OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING AKA SOCIAL LEARNING OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING • Trenton and the iPhone...I didn’t reinforce any behavior...he simply watched me and figured out how to use it. MIRROR NEURONS • Yawning • Empathy BANDURA & THE BOBO DOLL • Forty studies