Transcript Learning and Memory Review Student PPTs

Learning and Memory
Combined
LEARNING AND MEMORY
By Connor Trute
3A
1) Madeline suffers from chronic
migraines. She decides to take
medicine to stop the pain. When she
realizes it works, she continues to take
the medicine. What kind of
reinforcement is this?
Negative Reinforcement
2) What form of sensory memory
deals with touch? Visual? Hearing?
Hepatic, Iconic, Echoic
3) If your teacher tells you there will
be a quiz on a unit every three classes,
what schedule of reinforcement is
this?
Fixed Interval
4) Adam is a master at surfing, and he
has just recently picked up
snowboarding. But when Adam tried
to surf again, he had a hard time
remembering what to do. What type
of interference is he experiencing?
Retroactive Interference
5) Sally believes that if she finishes all
of her Psychology homework before
she watches “American Idol”, it will
feel much more rewarding. What is
this principle called?
Delayed Gratification OR
Premack Principle
6) Thomas ate some chocolate and got
food poisoning from it. Now whenever
he sees chocolate, he feels nauseas.
Identify the Unconditioned Stimulus,
Unconditioned Response, Conditioned
Stimulus, and Conditioned Response.
US – Food Poisoning, UR – Nausea
CS – Chocolate, CR – Nausea to chocolate
7) What are the three steps to
processing memories?
Encoding -> Storage -> Retrieving
8) Joey is always being a delinquent.
Whenever he does something bad, his
parents put him into timeout. What
type of punishment is this?
Positive Punishment
9) A tree has fallen into the road you
take to get to work everyday, so you
decide to find a different route to
work. What concept of latent learning
are you using?
Cognitive Map
10) Carl is having a tough time
remembering what he forgot to put
into his lunch. He begins to think of
shapes, then colors, then smells, until
he finally remembers what it was.
What strategy of retrieval is Carl
using?
Priming
Learning and Memory
Review
By: Sydney Greer – 3A
Question #1
Bobby loves Tropical Smoothie. Every
time he goes, the cashier stamps his
rewards card and after 10 stamps he
will receive a free smoothie! This is an
example of a _______ reinforcement
schedule.
ANSWER
Fixed ratio
Question #2
Movie directors often play scary
sounding music in anticipation of a
scary event. The music serves as
the _______ (US, UR, CR, CS).
Answer
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Question #3
Sami spent all day babysitting her five
rowdy younger brothers. She
decided to take some aspirin to get
rid of her horrible headache. This
type of behavior is:
A) Positive punishment
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Negative punishment
D) Negative reinforcement
ANSWER
D) Negative reinforcement
Question #4
Before Pablo to Pitbull can get his
scrumptious bone, he must roll over,
play dead, and high five his owner.
Pablo’s owner is using _____ to
teach is dog this sequence of tricks.
ANSWER
Chaining
Question #5
Melanie, for the first time ever,
studies for her AP Calculus test.
She is amazed when she receives
an A-, the best grade she’s ever
gotten!! She decides to study in
the future, because of this
pleasant result. Thornlike
proposed the ________, which
summarized this concept.
ANSWER
Law of Effect
Question #6
Jorge watches a movie in biology
about sloths; however, when he is
asked to write down 10 facts he
learned, he can only remember
things from the beginning and
end of the film. This is an
example of: ___________.
ANSWER
Serial Positioning Effect
Question #7
When Frank first heard of the 9/11
terrorist attacks, he remembers
that he was in the candy aisle at
Target and that he was wearing a
green polo and jeans. He will
never ever forget this moment.
This is an example of a ________
memory.
ANSWER
Flash bulb
Question #8
Mia studies for psychology at 1:00pm
and then economics at 4:00pm.
While trying to take her psychology
the next day she has trouble
recalling the psychology content,
so Mia is suffering from ________
interference.
ANSWER
Retroactive
Question #9
Implicit memory : _________ ::
Explicit memory : _________
(answers are brain parts)
ANSWER
Cerebellum; hippocampus
Question #10
Police officers and attorneys must
refrain from asking questions that
prime the suspect into making up
memories about crimes (seeing a
stop sign or a man with red hair).
This incorporation of misleading
info into memory is referred to as
the ______________.
ANSWER
Misinformation effect
LEARNING AND MEMORY REVIEW
QUESTIONS
By: Brianna Richard
IN IVAN PAVLOV’S SALIVATING DOG
EXPERIMENT, THE SALIVATING WAS THE
Question 1
_________TO THE RINGING OF BELL.
1
• Conditioned Response
Question 2
WHAT IS THE CAPACITY OF YOUR
WORKING MEMORY?
2
• 7±2
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus
Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for
Processing Information.”
~George Miller (1956)
Question 3
THE REHEARSAL BY NONSENSE
SYLLABLES WAS STUDIED BY WHOM?
3
• Hermann Ebbinghaus
He memorized over 2,000 nonsense
syllables demonstrating the first learning
and forgetting curve.
THE CEREBELLUM IS A NEURAL CENTER IN
THE HINDBRAIN THAT PROCESSES WHAT
Question 4
KIND OF MEMORIES?
4
• Implicit (nondeclarative): which are
unintentional memories that we might not
even realize we have.
Example: procedural – skills/how to perform
them that are often difficult to put into words.
BEHAVIOR THAT IS FOLLOWED BY A
WANTED OBJECT/ITEM IS WHAT KIND OF
Question 5
REINFORCEMENT?
STATE ONE OR TWO EXAMPLES.
5
• Positive
• Examples: money, candy
__________REFERS TO FACTS AND
EXPERIENCES THAT ONE CAN
CONSCIOUSLY KNOW AND DECLARE. Question 6
6
• Explicit Memories
Question 7
STATE AND CONTEXT DEPENDENT
LEARNING IS WHAT?
7
• When memory retrieval is influenced by body
state and environmental factors. If your body
state/environment is the same at the time of
learning AND the time of retrieval, retrievals
will be improved.
WHAT WAS THORNDIKE’S LAW OF
EFFECTS AND HOW DID HE
DEMONSTRATE IT (WHAT
EXPERIMENT)?
Question 8
8
• Any behavior that is followed by pleasant
consequences is likely to be repeated, and any
behavior followed by unpleasant
consequences is likely to be stopped (if a
behavior is rewarded, it is likely to occur
again).
• He demonstrated this with his puzzle box that
he used on cats.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SCHEDULE
TYPES GIVESA.AFixed-Interval
REWARDSchedule
AFTER A DEFINED
Variable-RatioRESPONSES?
Schedule
Question 9
NUMBER OFB.CORRECT
C. Fixed-Ratio Schedule
D. Variable-Interval Schedule
9
A. Fixed-Interval Schedule
B. Variable-Ratio Schedule
C. Fixed-Ratio Schedule
D. Variable-Interval Schedule
AN ACTION OR BEHAVIOR THAT ENDS AN
UNDESIRABLE OR UNPLEASANT EVENT OR
Question 10
STATE IS WHAT KIND OF REINFORCEMENT?
EXAMPLE?
10
• Negative
• Example: taking aspirin to relieve a headache,
crying when in trouble/getting pulled over
Learning and Memory Review
Questions
ikswokraZ wehttaM
Question 1
• Classical conditioning is to Pavlov as _____
______ is to Skinner
Answer to Question 1
• Operant conditioning
Question 2
• Jake Pillar, a professional snowboarder, uses
_______ memory to remember how to
snowboard.
Answer to Question 2
• implicit
Question 3
• Patrick has a severe concussion. He is unable
to remember names of people he just met.
Patrick has suffered damage to his _________.
Answer to Question 3
• hippocampus
Question 4
• Memory aids such as the _____ __ ____
employs visual imagery.
Answer to Question 4
• Method of loci
Question 5
• When he was younger, Blake Biller had a
dream about being chased by clowns. Now,
he mistakenly recalled that this event actually
happened to him. This fake recollection
shows _____ _______.
Answer to Question 5
• Source amnesia
Question 6
• After hearing the news that there were two
killers in a recent murder, eye witnesses began
to remember that there were two men fleeing
the scene. This scenario is an example of the
_______ _______.
Answer to Question 6
• Misinformation effect
Question 7
• Hannah wants to start an auto biography on
her life. She will have to use ______ memory
to recall certain events in her life.
Answer to Question 7
• episodic
Question 8
• Holly is in her sixties. She can still remember
in great detail her high school graduation.
This is an example of a _______ ________.
Answer to Question 8
• Flashbulb memory
Question 9
• Mr. Miller is attracted to his wife but not her
identical twin sister. Mr. Miller is displaying
the value of ________ ________.
Answer to Question 9
• Stimulus discrimination
Question 10
• Jacoby hid his keys when he was drunk. He
couldn’t remember where his keys were until
he was drunk again. This pattern shows
_________ memory.
Answer to Question 10
• State-dependent
Ap Psychology
Chapter 8: Learning
Emily
Garner
April 26,
Question one
In Ivan Pavlov’s famous classical conditioning
experiment where he is known for conditioning his
dogs to salivate at the tone of ringing opposed to the
sight of food. In this experiment identify the
unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus,
conditioned response, and the conditioned stimulus.
Answer to question one
• Unconditioned response- dog salivating when
presented with food
• Unconditioned stimulus- food
• Conditioned response- dogs learning to salivate
when bell rings
• Conditioned stimulus- the bell ringing
Question two
In operant conditioning negative punishment
________ the rate of operant responding, while
negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant
responding.
Answer to question two
• Decreases; increases
Question three
If Sally gets candy after washing the floor every three
times compared to getting candy three hours after
every time the floor is washed…which is fixed interval
and which is fixed ratio?
Answer to question three
• Fixed ratio is the first example (reinforcement after
fixed number of responses)
• Fixed interval is the second example (reinforcement
after a fixed amount of time)
Question four
What is the difference between a reinforcement and a
punishment?
Answer to question four
• Reinforcement- anything that increases the chances
of the behavior happening again
• Punishment- anything that decreases the chances of
a behavior reoccurring
Question five
What was it called when the chimpanzees in Kohler’s
experiment finally figured out that in order to reach the
bananas they had to stack the crates around them on
top of each other?
Answer to question five
• Insight learning
Question six
In Edward Tolman’s study he found that when rats had
to go through a maze without an initial reward didn’t
seem to learn compared to when the rats were
rewarded. The rat’s performance drastically changed.
What concept of learning is illustrated here?
Answer to question six
• Latent learning (hidden learning)
Question seven
John knows the path he takes every day to each of his
classes, but when asked to tell his friend Mark his route
that day he has trouble describing his routes to class.
How does John most likely get to class?
Answer to question seven
• By using a cognitive map (mental images of ones
surroundings)
Question eight
When a baby is upset and is crying and its mom comes
over and feeds it and satisfies the babies needs.
VS.
An animal trainer using a clicker to gain the animal’s
attention and is then paired with a treat or some praise
of approval.
What is the difference between the two reinforcers
above?
Answer to question eight
• The first example uses a primary reinforcer while the
other example uses a secondary reinforcer.
Question nine
In Albert Bandura’s famous experiment where he had
one group of kids watch interactions between people
and bobo dolls as calm and positive and the other
group of kids watch interactions between people and
bobo dolls as violent and aggressive. When the
children were aloud to play with the dolls on their own
the kids who observed violent interactions acted in
such a way and vise versa with the kids who saw
positive interactions. What type of learning took
place?
Answer to question nine
• Modeling (watching specific behaviors of others and
imitating them)
Question ten
What is the difference in learning between classical
conditioning and operant conditioning?
Answer to question ten
• In classical conditioning a previously neutral stimulus
begins to elicit a response through association with
another stimulus.
• In operant conditioning the frequency and pattern of
voluntary responses are altered by their
consequences.
Learning & Memory
Holly Sadural
2A
1.
• 6 year-old Macy is emotionally disturbed and
refuses to communicate with anyone. To get
her to talk, her teacher initially gives her a
lollipop for any noise, then only for a clearly
spoken word, and finally only for a complete
sentence. The teacher is using the method of:
Shaping
2.
• Who is called the father of operant
conditioning?
a) John Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) William James
b) B.F. Skinner
3.
• Examples of Primary reinforces are _______
and secondary reinforces are ______.
a) Money and grades; food and water
b) New computer and phone; air and shelter
c) Food
and water;
money
andand
grades
c) Food
and water;
money
grades
4.
• Haylee, now 100 years old, can still remember
the first time her father taught her how to
drive, this is an example of:
a) sensory memory.
b) short-term memory.
c) working memory.
d) a flashbulb
memory.
d) Flashbulb
memory
5.
• Jerome had to memorize his mom’s cellphone
number incase of an emergency. After asking
his mom to write down her number on a piece
of paper, he repeated the number to himself
several times. Jerome was using which of the
following to remember the phone number?
a) Iconic memory
d) Rehearsal
b) Retrieval
c) Rehearsal
6.
• What area of the brain is near the neural
center located in the limbic system and helps
process explicit memories for storage?
Hippocampus
7.
• Which of the following is true about Shortterm/working memory ?
a) Capacity is unlimited
b) Stored in three different formats
c) Permanent storage
d) Capacityd)isCapacity
limited is limited
8.
• Alex is expecting an important e-mail from his
aunt tomorrow, but has no idea what time she's
going to be sending it. So, he checks his e-mail
several times throughout the duration of the day.
What schedule of reinforcement applies to this
situation?
a) variable interval
b) variable ratio
a) variable interval
c) fixed interval
d) fixed ratio
9.
• What type of learning does Kohler’s work with
chimps and bananas deal with?
a) Abstract
d) Insight
b) Observational
c) Latent
d) Insight
10.
• What memory aid organizes items into
familiar, manageable units?
a) Semantic encoding
b) Chunking
b) Chunking
c) Visual encoding
d) Imagery
Learning/Memory Review
By: Bailey Strenn
Kevin is paying attention to the car driving
down the street while his mother is telling him
to mow the lawn. Even though he wasn’t
paying attention, Kevin can still recall the words
he heard within 3 to 4 seconds due to _______
memory.
Echoic
On the first day of school, John was given his
hallway locker combination. The next day in P.E
he was given another locker combination to
remember. Throughout the year John has a
hard time remembering his P.E combination.
This is due to ____________ interference.
Proactive
What is the phenomenon that says things we
learn in one state are more easily recalled when
in that same state?
State-Dependent Memory
Tynesha got all A’s on her report card. He
parents gave her a twenty dollar bill to reward
her for her efforts. This is an example of
__________ Reinforcement.
Positive
Erin took Kelsea to get ice cream after cleaning
her room every 5 times. This is an example of
what?
Fixed Ratio
Killian was teaching Tucker how to roll over.
Every time Tucker got closer and closer to
rolling over, Killian gave him a dog treat. Killian
was doing what?
Shaping Tucker to get a desired result.
Albert Bandura researched what type of
learning using his Bobo Dolls?
Observational Learning
A resident of New York recalling the Twin
Towers incident is an example of what?
Flashbulb Memory
Memorzing equations for the AP Calculus exam
is an example of what?
Effortful Processing
It’s better to distribute studying for an AP
Psychology test over a week, rather that than
the night before. This is known as the
_________ effect.
Spacing
Memory and Learning Review
Created by Sean O’Brien
Question 1
Who was famous for making dogs salivate at the
tone of ringing by using classical conditioning?
A. B.F. Skinner
B. Freud
C. Ivan Pavlov
D. Albert Bandura
Question 1: Answer
C. Ivan Pavlov used classical conditioning to
make the dog’s salivate at the ringing of a bell.
Question 2
Developed by B.F. Skinner, what type of learning
is it when organisms learn to voluntarily respond
a certain way under certain conditions?
A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning
C. Operant Behavior
D. Latent Learning
Question 2: Answer
B. Operant Conditioning was developed by B.F.
Skinner.
Question 3
Justice enjoyed playing softball at her local field
house. Her father then gave her fifty dollars to
continue playing softball. As a result, Justice lost
her intrinsic motivation to play. What is this an
example of?
Question 3: Answer
The Overjustification Effect…
Question 4
_________ decreases the chances of a behavior
reoccurring. The behavior is not forgotten, but is
suppressed until appropriate situations arise. It
is the opposite of reinforcement.
Question 4: Answer
The answer is PUNISHMENT.
Question 5
This type of learning was demonstrated by
Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment in which
a child saw an adult act aggressively toward a
doll, causing the child to act aggressively to the
doll as well.
Question 5: Answer
The type of learning is Observational Learning.
Question 6
Maria can recall the day she got into a car
accident in which her 9 year old brother was
killed like it was yesterday. What type of
memory is this an example of?
Question 6: Answer
It is flashbulb memory.
Question 7
What type of encoding requires attention and
conscious effort…such as studying for this exam.
Question 7: Answer
The type of encoding is Effortful processing.
Question 8
_________ is an increase
in a synapse’s firing
potential after brief, rapid
stimulation.
Question 8: Answer
The answer is Long-term Potential.
Question 9
John has just moved into his new house and
now can’t seem to remember his old address.
What kind of interference is this?
A. Explicit
B. Implicit
C. Proactive
D. Retroactive
Question 9: Answer
D. Retroactive Interference
Question 10
What brain structure is
located in the limbic system
and helps process explicit
memories for storage?
Question 10: Answer
The hippocampus is the correct answer.