Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the
dog’s salivation to the bell is the:
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A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.
2. Jimmy was frightened by a
barking dog. For the next few
months, he was afraid of all dogs.
This is an example of:
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A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
3. After repeatedly presenting the CS
without the UCS, the CR will gradually
disappear. This is called:
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A) extinguished reaction.
B) extinction.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) stimulus neutralization.
4. Once extinction has occurred,
the CR may return if enough time
has passed. This is an example of:
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A) spontaneous remission.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) conditioned recurrence.
5. Which of the following would be an
example of Classical Conditioning
being applied to practical problems?
• A) teaching a dog to wag its tail?
• B) using methadone for heroine addicts
• C) applying electric shock to depressed
patients
• D) giving alcoholics a drug to make
them sick if they drink
6. Purchasing state lottery tickets is
reinforced with monetary winnings on
a _____ schedule.
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A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio
7. In ____, a response is
strengthened in order to avoid
something unpleasant.
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A) punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) partial reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement
8. Even when punishment changes
behavior, it has several drawbacks,
including:
• A) punishment doesn’t teach the
correct response.
• B) punishment may result in fear of
the one punishing.
• C) effects may be only temporary.
• D) all of the above.
9. Resistance to extinction is most
strongly encouraged by _____
reinforcement.
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A) intermittent
B) delayed
C) continuous
D) negative
10. If you want to teach a pigeon to
eat out of your hand, you would
place some bird seed closer and
closer to you until it finally had to
come to your hand. This is called:
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A) intermittent reinforcement.
B) shaping.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) continuous reinforcement.
11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap
backward because he noticed his
older brother does so. This illustrates
the importance of:
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A) respondent behavior.
B) immediate reinforcement.
C) shaping.
D) modeling.
12. Albert Bandura contends that
most human behavior:
• A) is acquired through observational
learning.
• B) is shaped through repeated trial-and
error.
• C) is reinforced through positive
conditioning.
• D) is planned out and not accidental.
13. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll
experiment, he demonstrated:
• A) aggressive children will imitate
aggressive behavior.
• B) children will imitate aggressive
behavior just by observing it.
• C) children who are non-aggressive will
not imitate aggressive behavior.
• D) children will imitate aggressive
behavior is reinforced with candy.
16. After a week at college, Kim has
formed a mental representation of the
layout of the campus and no longer
gets lost. She has developed a:
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A) visual memory.
B) perceptual delineation.
C) cognitive map.
D) retinal disparity.
17. The fact that learning can occur
without reinforcement is most clearly
demonstrated by studies of:
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A) shaping.
B) latent learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) computer-assisted instruction.
18. The desire to engage in an
activity for the sake of its own
enjoyment involves:
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A) spontaneous reinforcers.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) latent learning.
19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for
food than to train it to stand on its hind
legs for food. This best illustrates the
importance of ______ in learning.
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A) primary reinforcement
B) generalization
C) negative reinforcers
D) biological predispositions
20. According to Thorndike’s Law
of Effect, when responses are
followed by something unpleasant:
• A) the response is strengthened.
• B) the unpleasant stimulus is
avoided.
• C) the response is weakened.
• D) the CR is extinguished.
21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding
cars may also begin to fear speeding
trucks and motorcycles. This best
illustrates:
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A) generalization.
B) secondary reinforcement.
C) shaping.
D) latent learning.
22. By pushing vending machine buttons,
children often learn that this action is
associated with the delivery of a candy
bar. This best illustrates the process
underlying:
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A) latent learning.
B) intermittent reinforcement.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.
23. For purposes of effective childrearing, most psychologists favor the
use of _____ over _____.
• A) shaping; modeling
• B) reinforcement; punishment
• C) spontaneous recovery;
extinction
• D) negative reinforcement;
positive reinforcement
24: A child’s fear at the sight of a
hypodermic needle is a(n):
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A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.
1. Making sense of information as
meaningful occurs in the process of ___
so that we may store it in memory.
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A) construction
B) flashbulb
C) encoding
D) sensory memory
2. Being able to remember major
events clearly because of their
emotional impact is called:
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A) flashbulb memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) photographic memory.
D) traumatic memory.
3. In the three-stage processing
model of memory, the stages, in
order of occurrence are:
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A) flashbulb, working, long-term.
B) sensory, short-term, long-term.
C) working, short-term, long-term.
D) visual, short-term, long-term.
4. When you solve a math problem in
your head, you have to hold the
information there while you calculate.
This calls into play ___ memory.
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A) rehearsal
B) working
C) conscious
D) arithmetic
6. When studying information, like
concepts in your textbook, you must work
at it and pay attention. This is called ___
processing.
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A) meaningful
B) deliberate
C) effortful
D) redundant
7. Your friend says, “I wait to study all the
material the night before the test, so it is
fresh in my mind.” You tell him from what
you have learned:
• A) that you agree this is the best way to
prepare for a test.
• B) he should rehearse the material as many
times as he can the night before the test.
• C) he should audio tape the material and
replay it in his sleep.
• D) that he should spread his studying
across many days.
8. The “serial position effect”
describes our tendency to:
• A) remember what we had for
breakfast.
• B) remember things when they are in
numerical order.
• C) remember the first and last items of
a list more successfully.
• D) remember the first items of the
list more often than the last ones.
11. Brief, visual sensory memory
is like a snapshot, and only lasts
for less than a second is called:
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A) echoic memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) immediate memory.
12. Our immediate, short-term memory
for new material is limited in capacity to
roughly ___ bits of information.
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A) 3 plus or minus 1
B) 12 plus or minus 3
C) 20 plus or minus 4
D) 7 plus or minus 2
13. When we remember how to do
something, but cannot consciously explain
it or even recall the information when
asked, ___ is involved.
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A) episodic memory
B) explicit memory
C) implicit memory
D) semantic memory
14. The ____ of the brain plays a
major role in the formation of new,
explicit memories.
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A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) frontal lobes
16. Essay tests measure ___ and
multiple choice tests measure ___.
• A) long-term memory; short-term
memory
• B) recall; recognition
• C) retrieval; clustering
• D) semantic memory; visual
memory
17. Asked quickly to spell “shop” and
then asked, “What do you do when you
get to a green light?”, most people
answer, “stop”. This is an example of:
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A) working retrieval.
B) chunking.
C) priming.
D) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
18. The tendency to recall more sad
events when a person is currently
sad is an example of ___ memory.
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A) flashbulb
B) iconic
C) melancholic
D) mood-congruent
19. When Jason learned the material,
he was on pain killers. He could not
recall it when off pain killers, but could
again remember some of it the next time
he was on pain killers. This is an
example of:
• A) long-term potentiation of
neurons.
• B) the spacing effect.
• C) flashbulb memory.
• D) state-dependent memory.
20. The best way to find information
stored in memory is to use:
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A) iconic memory.
B) retrieval cues.
C) auditory processing.
D) explicit memory.
23. Not being able to remember all the
details of a common penny is an
example of ___ failure.
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A) state-dependent
B) recall
C) encoding
D) misinformation
24: When learning something new
makes recall of previously learned
information more difficult, this is called:
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A) proactive interference.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) retroactive interference.
D) persistence.
25. Inspector Bradigan wants to call in a
hypnotist to help the victim of abuse better
recall repressed memories. You inform
the inspector that:
• A) he should only use a highly trained
hypnotist.
• B) recovered memories under hypnosis
are unreliable.
• C) the victim may be too emotional to
remember.
• D) he should also use a truth serum.
1. A mental grouping of objects or
events is called a:
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A) mental image.
B) concept.
C) abstract representation.
D) cognition.
2. When we think of a “bird” we are
more likely to think of a robin than a
penguin because a robin fits our:
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A) perception.
B) cognition.
C) formal concept.
D) prototype.
3. When following this procedure to
solve problems, you will always arrive at
a correct solution.
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A) trial-and-error
B) heuristic
C) algorithm
D) insight
4. Jim misplaced his keys. He knew they
were in the house, so he first looked on the
hook, then on the dresser, then in other
places he has found them in the past. He
is using the strategy of:
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A) trial-and-error.
B) heuristics.
C) algorithm.
D) insight.
5. A team of researchers have
discovered an area of the brain
activated during sudden flashes of
insight, it was the:
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A) right temporal lobe.
B) left parietal lobe.
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala.
7. Our tendency to approach a problem
a certain way, i.e., a way successful in
the past, is called:
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A) prototype.
B) heuristics.
C) mental set.
D) algorithm.
8. Mary was out of coffee filters. She did
not think of using a paper towel, so she
went without coffee. Her failure was one
of:
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A) representativeness heuristic.
B) algorithms.
C) functional fixedness.
D) availability heuristic.
9. Gambling is perpetuated, in part, by
the ease we have of remembering the
times we won. This is an example of:
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A) false memory.
B) availability heuristic.
C) false prototypes.
D) concept misattribution.
10. Politicians know that labeling military
action as a “pre-emptive strike” gains
more support than, “invasion.” This is
an example of:
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A) lying.
B) framing.
C) false advertising.
D) political psychobabble.
11. The rules of a language, its ___,
helps determine the meaning being
communicated.
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A) nanogram
B) linguistics
C) syntax
D) morpheme
12. The smallest unit of language that
carries meaning is called a:
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A) morpheme.
B) phoneme.
C) babble.
D) telegraphic speech.
13. By the time infants are about
10 months old,
• A) they should be speaking full
sentences.
• B) they should be putting two words
together.
• C) their babbling is universal across all
cultures.
• D) their babbling has features of
the household language.
14. The stage of speech in which a
young child says things like, “go car,”
and, “momma come,” is called:
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A) one-word speech.
B) telegraphic speech.
C) babbling.
D) morpheme speech.
15. Chomsky believes our capacity for
language is natural and quick because:
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A) behavioral conditioning.
B) sequential developmental stages.
C) language being entirely inborn.
D) a language acquisition device.
16. According to Worf (1956), differences
among languages cause differences in
perceptions and thinking. This idea is
called:
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A) displacement hypothesis.
B) linguistic determinism.
C) perceptual change theory.
D) linguist shift.
19. Thinking without language:
• A) is not possible.
• B) can improve your performance on
the basketball court.
• C) is found only in animals.
• D) occurs more often in cultures
without language.
20. Students wanting to improve their
test scores should:
• A) should study every chance they get.
• B) should spend 5 minutes every day
imagining themselves getting an “A”.
• C) should think more often.
• D) spend 5 minutes every day
imagining themselves studying.