Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

Step Up To:
Discovering Psychology
by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury
Discovering Psychology 4e
Worth Publishers (2007)
Chapter 5: Learning
There Are Consequences
Classical Today
Who Let the Dogs Out?
Operant Now
Watch and Learn
Who Let the Dogs Out?
500
400
300
200
100
Classical Today
500
400
300
200
100
There Are Consequences
500
400
300
200
100
Operant Now
500
400
300
200
100
Watch and Learn
500
400
300
200
100
1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the dog’s
salivation to the bell is the:
•
•
•
•
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.
2. Jimmy was frightened by a barking
dog. For the next few months, he was
afraid of all dogs. This is an example
of:
•
•
•
•
A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
3. After repeatedly presenting the CS
without the UCS, the CR will gradually
disappear. This is called:
•
•
•
•
A) extinguished reaction.
B) extinction.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) stimulus neutralization.
4. Watson’s experiment with Little
Albert was criticized because:
• A) he was unable to condition a lasting
fear response.
• B) Little Albert died as a result.
• C) Watson did not obtain permission
from the parents.
• D) it is unethical to cause such
distress in an infant.
5. Once extinction has occurred, the
CR may return if enough time has
passed. This is an example of:
•
•
•
•
A) spontaneous remission.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) conditioned recurrence.
6. More recent investigations into the
process of classical conditioning suggest
that it involves:
•
•
•
•
A) pairing of stimulus and response.
B) learning how events are related.
C) rewarding positive behavior.
D) the use of all the senses.
7. The idea that it is easier for a person
to become conditioned to fear spiders
than flowers, for example is called:
•
•
•
•
A) biological preparedness.
B) arachnophobia.
C) stimulus priming.
D) primal conditioning.
8. John Garcia demonstrated that
people and animals could be
conditioned to have a:
• A) fear of loud noises.
• B) taste aversion.
• C) recurrence of a previously
acquired fear.
• D) placebo response.
9. According to the ___ perspective,
mental processes are an important
component in the learning of new
behaviors.
•
•
•
•
A) evolutionary
B) cognitive
C) biological
D) analytic
10. Cognitive processes in classical
conditioning have been demonstrated
by Robert Rescorla when:
• A) light was used instead of tones.
• B) verbal instruction increased the
effectiveness of the CS.
• C) tones did not predict the coming
of the UCS.
• D) the CS was too complex and
confusing.
11. According to Thorndike’s Law of
Effect, when responses are
followed by something unpleasant,
• A) the response is strengthened.
• B) the unpleasant stimulus is
avoided.
• C) the response is weakened.
• D) the CR is extinguished.
12. In ____, a response is strengthened
in order to avoid something unpleasant.
•
•
•
•
A) punishment
B) positive reinforcement
C) partial reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
13. Even when punishment works, it
has several drawbacks, including:
• A) punishment doesn’t teach the
correct response.
• B) punishment may result in more
anxiety, fear or hostility.
• C) effects may be temporary.
• D) all of the above.
14. The best time to deliver a positive
reinforcer is:
• A) immediately after the preferred
behavior.
• B) during the preferred behavior.
• C) immediately after explaining the
relationship to the preferred
behavior.
• D) every time the behavior occurs
for as long as you want it to continue.
15. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat
out of your hand, you would place some
bird seed closer and closer to you until it
finally had to come to your hand. This is
called:
•
•
•
•
A) intermittent reinforcement.
B) shaping.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) successive approximations.
16. Aunt Tillie can’t stop putting quarters
into the slot machine in the casino. Her
behavior is difficult to extinguish
because it is on a ____ schedule.
•
•
•
•
A) fixed ratio
B) variable interval
C) variable ratio
D) fixed interval
17. Janet has contracted to sell pies to a
local restaurant. She is paid $20 for
every three pies she delivers. Her
reinforcement is on a ___ schedule.
•
•
•
•
A) fixed interval
B) fixed ratio
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval
18. According to Tolman, we can get to our
destination even though there is a detour
because of:
•
•
•
•
A) detour signs.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) incidental learning.
D) a cognitive map.
19. Football teams who were badly beaten in
one game tended to perform worse than
expected in the next game. This can be
explained in terms of the ___ phenomenon.
•
•
•
•
A) cognitive expectation
B) punishment outcome
C) negative reinforcement
D) learned helplessness
20. If you wanted to reinforce
behavior so that it would be most
difficult to extinguish, you would use:
•
•
•
•
A) a variable-ratio schedule.
B) a fixed-ratio schedule.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) continuous reinforcement.
21. Albert Bandura contends that most
human behavior:
• A) is acquired through observational
learning.
• B) is shaped through repeated trial-anderror.
• C) is reinforced through positive
conditioning.
• D) is planned out and not accidental.
22. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment,
he demonstrated that:
• A) aggressive children will imitate
aggressive behavior.
• B) children will imitate aggressive
behavior just by observing it.
• C) children who are non-aggressive
will not imitate aggressive behavior.
• D) children will imitate aggressive
behavior if reinforced with candy.
23. Research on children viewing violence
on TV is related to their own aggressive
behavior in that:
• A) there is only a “modest”
correlation.
• B) there is a positive and statistically
significant correlation.
• C) there is no real correlation
between the two.
• D) its effects are only temporary.
24: Bandura suggests four cognitive
processes interact to determine whether
imitation will occur. The last one is:
•
•
•
•
A) attention.
B) remembering.
C) motivation.
D) action.
25. What have researchers have determined
about the correlation of TV viewing and
imitative behavior?
• A) We can decrease violence in our
society if we decrease the amount of
violence on TV.
• B) We can increase pro-social behavior
if we increase the amount of it on TV.
• C) All of the above are true.
• D) None of the above are true; TV
doesn’t change the way people are.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the dog’s
salivation to the bell is the:
•
•
•
•
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.
176
2. Jimmy was frightened by a barking
dog. For the next few months, he was
afraid of all dogs. This is an example
of:
•
•
•
•
A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
178
3. After repeatedly presenting the CS
without the UCS, the CR will gradually
disappear. This is called:
•
•
•
•
A) extinguished reaction.
B) extinction.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) stimulus neutralization.
178
4. Watson’s experiment with Little
Albert was criticized because:
• A) he was unable to condition a lasting
fear response.
• B) Little Albert died as a result.
• C) Watson did not obtain permission
from the parents.
• D) it is unethical to cause such
distress in an infant.
181
5. Once extinction has occurred, the
CR may return if enough time has
passed. This is an example of:
•
•
•
•
A) spontaneous remission.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) conditioned recurrence.
178
6. More recent investigations into the
process of classical conditioning suggest
that it involves:
•
•
•
•
A) pairing of stimulus and response.
B) learning how events are related.
C) rewarding positive behavior.
D) the use of all the senses.
186
7. The idea that it is easier for a person
to become conditioned to fear spiders
than flowers, for example, is called:
•
•
•
•
A) biological preparedness.
B) arachnophobia.
C) stimulus priming.
D) primal conditioning.
187
8. John Garcia demonstrated that
people and animals could be
conditioned to have a:
• A) fear of loud noises.
• B) taste aversion.
• C) recurrence of a previously
acquired fear.
• D) placebo response.
187
9. According to the ___ perspective,
mental processes are an important
component in the learning of new
behaviors.
•
•
•
•
A) evolutionary
B) cognitive
C) biological
D) analytic
184
10. Cognitive processes in classical
conditioning have been demonstrated
by Robert Rescorla when:
• A) light was used instead of tones.
• B) verbal instruction increased the
effectiveness of the CS.
• C) tones did not predict the coming
of the UCS.
• D) the CS was too complex and
confusing.
185
11. According to Thorndike’s Law of
Effect, when responses are
followed by something unpleasant,
• A) the response is strengthened.
• B) the unpleasant stimulus is
avoided.
• C) the response is weakened.
• D) the CR is extinguished.
190
12. In ____, a response is strengthened
in order to avoid something unpleasant.
•
•
•
•
A) punishment
B) positive reinforcement
C) partial reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
192
13. Even when punishment works, it
has several drawbacks, including:
• A) punishment doesn’t teach the
correct response.
• B) punishment may result in more
anxiety, fear or hostility.
• C) effects may be temporary.
• D) all of the above.
194
14. The best time to deliver a positive
reinforcer is:
• A) immediately after the preferred
behavior.
• B) during the preferred behavior.
• C) immediately after explaining the
relationship to the preferred
behavior.
• D) every time the behavior occurs
for as long as you want it to continue.
195
15. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat
out of your hand, you would place some
bird seed closer and closer to you until it
finally had to come to your hand. This is
called:
•
•
•
•
A) intermittent reinforcement.
B) shaping.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) successive approximations.
198
16. Aunt Tillie can’t stop putting quarters
into the slot machine in the casino. Her
behavior is difficult to extinguish
because it is on a ____ schedule.
•
•
•
•
A) fixed ratio
B) variable interval
C) variable ratio
D) fixed interval
200
17. Janet has contracted to sell pies to a
local restaurant. She is paid $20 for
every three pies she delivers. Her
reinforcement is on a ___ schedule.
•
•
•
•
A) fixed interval
B) fixed ratio
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval
200
18. According to Tolman, we can get to our
destination even though there is a detour
because of:
•
•
•
•
A) detour signs.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) incidental learning.
D) a cognitive map.
203
19. Football teams who were badly beaten in
one game tended to perform worse than
expected in the next game. This can be
explained in terms of the ___ phenomenon.
•
•
•
•
A) cognitive expectation
B) punishment outcome
C) negative reinforcement
D) learned helplessness
205
20. If you wanted to reinforce
behavior so that it would be most
difficult to extinguish, you would use:
•
•
•
•
A) a variable-ratio schedule.
B) a fixed-ratio schedule.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) continuous reinforcement.
200
21. Albert Bandura contends that most
human behavior:
• A) is acquired through observational
learning.
• B) is shaped through repeated trial-anderror.
• C) is reinforced through positive
conditioning.
• D) is planned out and not accidental.
207
22. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment,
he demonstrated that:
• A) aggressive children will imitate
aggressive behavior.
• B) children will imitate aggressive
behavior just by observing it.
• C) children who are non-aggressive
will not imitate aggressive behavior.
• D) children will imitate aggressive
behavior if reinforced with candy.
208
23. Research on children viewing violence
on TV is related to their own aggressive
behavior in that:
• A) there is only a “modest”
correlation.
• B) there is a positive and statistically
significant correlation.
• C) there is no real correlation
between the two.
• D) its effects are only temporary.
211
24: Bandura suggests four cognitive
processes interact to determine whether
imitation will occur. The last one is:
•
•
•
•
A) attention.
B) remembering.
C) motivation.
D) action.
208
25. What have researchers determined
about the correlation of TV viewing and
imitative behavior?
• A) We can decrease violence in our
society if we decrease the amount of
violence on TV.
• B) We can increase pro-social behavior
if we increase the amount of it on TV.
• C) All of the above are true.
• D) None of the above are true; TV
doesn’t change the way people are.
211
Acknowledgments
• Step Up Created by:
John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Based on Discovering
Psychology 4e by
Hockenbury & Hockenbury
• Worth Publishers, 2007
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
D
A
B
D
C
B
A
B
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
B
C
C
D
D
A
B
C
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
B
D
D
A
A
B
B
C
25. C