Transcript 7th Grade Review PowerPoint - White Plains Public Schools

th
7
Grade Review
PowerPoint
Early Native Americans
–Civil War
Key Vocabulary to Understanding
Social Studies
• History: an account of what has happened in the lives
of different individuals and civilizations.
• Geography: study of people, their environment, and
their resources and how they affect the way that we
live.
• Archeology: the study of evidence left behind by
earlier people in order to find out about their culture.
• Economics: the study of how money and goods are
exchanged.
• Primary Source: The original record of an event
(eyewitness account, letters, diaries, autobiographies,
etc)
• Secondary Source: A later writing and interpretation of
historians and other writers (textbooks, newspaper,
magazine, encyclopedia, articles, etc)
Early Native Americans
• The first Americans
came across
glacier land bridge
that connected Asia
and North America.
• Native Americas
crossed the land
bridge following
migratory mammals
Differing Native American Cultures
• Native Americans
developed different
cultures to adapt to
physical environment
and surroundings.
• Based on geography
Native Americans
formed different
ways to gather food,
shelter, and make
clothing
Maya, Aztec, Inca
• Maya lived in southern
Mexico and Guatemala.
Advanced in science,
astronomy, and math.
• Aztecs lived in central
Mexico and built
stonework, pyramids and
temples.
• Incas lived in the Andes
Mountains in South
America and connected
their empire through an
extensive road system
Native Americans in New York
• Two major groups
in New York area
were the Iroquois
and Algonquin.
• Iroquois lived in
Longhouses while
the Algonquin lived
in Wigwams.
• Iroquois created a
nation of five tribes
to create the
Iroquois Nation
Columbian Exchange
• Began when
Christopher
Columbus
discovered the West
Indies (1492)
• Began an exchange
of goods from the
Americas to Europe
changing world trade
forever.
Spanish, French, and English Colonies
• New France was in the
middle of North America
and Canada. Mostly
traded furs with Native
Americans
• Spanish Colonies
encompassed South and
Central America,
Mexico, and modern day
southwestern United
States.
• English Colonies were
on the East Coast of
Modern Day United
States (13 Colonies)
The English Colonies
Mercantilism- economic theory were a a nation became
strong by building up their gold supply and expanding
trade.
• New England- Hills, valleys, rivers, (first factories).
Mild summers, cold/windy winters (MA, RI, NH, CT)
• Middle Colonies- Hills, valleys, rivers. Hot/Humid
Summers, Cold Winters. Lot of wheat & cattle “Bread
Basket Colonies” (NY, PA, NJ, DE)
• Southern Colonies- Hot/Humid Summers, Mild
Winters. Grew cotton/tobacco. Kept slaves for labor
on plantations (large farms) (MD, VA, NC, SC, GA)
French and Indian War (1754-1763)
• Conflict b/w the British and French w/ rival Native
American tribes over control of the Ohio River Valley.
• French/Huron vs. English/Iroquois Nation
• Albany Plan of Union- proposed by Ben Franklin to
create “one general gov’t to defend against the
French. “Join or Die”
• Britain Won (Sign Treaty of
Paris)
• Proclamation Line of 1763- kept
Colonists out of Ohio Valley.
Angered colonist because it was the
best land.
Proclamation Line
of 1763- kept
Colonists out of
Ohio Valley.
Angered colonist
because it was the
best land.
Causes of the American Revolution
• Proclamation line of 1763
• Had to pay for cost of French and Indian War through
high taxes (Stamp Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act, etc)
“No taxation w/out representation”
• Boston Massacre- Shooting of 5 colonists by British
soldiers during a protest. Angered colonists very
much.
• Boston Tea Party- Protesting colonists dressed up like
Indians and threw large amounts of Tea into Boston
Harbor.
• Intolerable Acts- Harsh actions taken by the British to
punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party.
• First Continental Congress (1775)– held to continue
protest of British Taxes.
Summary of Revolutionary War
• Second Continental Congress- meeting were
delegates from all 13 colonies decided to declare
independence.
• Declaration of Independence (1776)- Declared
independence from Britain on July 4th, 1776.
• Loyalist/Tory- Colonists loyal to Britain
• Patriot- Colonists who supported independence
• First Battles were Lexington and Concord fought by
Minute Men.
• Sons and Daughters of Liberty- Group of men and
women patriots who fought against British policy.
• Battle of Saratoga- Turning point in the war in favor of
the Americans
• Battle of Yorktown, VA ends the war and the Treaty of
Paris is signed.
• Americans win the American Revolution.
United States Constitution
• Government- a groups of people or a person
who make political decisions for a country.
• Branches of the Gov’t:
- Executive- (president/cabinet) enforce laws
- Legislation- (Congress) make laws
- Judicial- (Supreme Court) decide if laws are
constitutional.
• Constitution- a document that sets out the laws
and principles of a gov’t.
• Democracy- gov’t elected by majority of people
Early United States Gov’t
• Articles of Confederation- First constitution of
the United States. Had no president, no judicial
branch, needed 9 out of 13 states to approve.
Not successful.
• Great Compromise- Decided on a two house
(bi-cameral) legislature:
- Senate- each state has two senators
- House of Representative-Elected based on
state population
• 3/5 Compromise- 3/5 of slaves would count
toward taxation and representation.
United States Gov’t
• Federalism (Division of Powers)- Delegated (Enumerated) PowersFederal/National Gov’t. (Ex. Declare War,
create military, post office, federal courts)
- Reserved (Residual) Powers- State Powers
(Ex. schools, marriage laws, drivers licenses)
- Concurrent (Shared) Powers- Shared by both
the Federal & State Gov’t. (Ex. Raise taxes,
Build Roads)
Checks and Balances
• Measures taken to prevent one branch of gov’t
from becoming more powerful than the others.
Gov’t Vocabulary
• Veto- presidents right to reject proposed bill
• Impeach- remove from office
• Unconstitutional- not legal under the
constitution
• Amendment- formal written change to the
constitution
• Bill of Rights- first ten amendments of the U.S.
Constitution.
Bill of Rights
1st Amendment- freedom of speech, press, religion,
petition, assembly
2nd Amendment- right to bare arms
3rd Amendment- Quartering Act-don’t have to house
soldiers
4th Amendment- Search and Seizure
5th Amendment- self-incrimination
6th Amendment- speedy trial by jury and a lawyer
7th Amendment- jury trial in civil cases
8th Amendment- excessive bail or punishment
9th Amendment- rights not in constitution given to the
people.
10th Amendment- Rights not given to Federal gov’t are
left to the states.
Washington Administration
• First President (1789-1797)
• First Cabinet- 5 advisors to the president
• Farewell Address (1796)-Washington wanted
America to isolate America from Europe so
that they would not get involved in European
wars.
• Whiskey Rebellion- taxes on whiskey led to a
rebellion testing the strength of the new gov’t.
• Alexander Hamilton (First Treasurer)- created
the First National Bank in order to help repay
all Revolutionary War debts and loans.
Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase
(1803)
• France wanted to sell
their territory in the
west
• Jefferson bought the
land for $15 Million.
• Lewis and Clark were
sent to explore and
map the region.
• Doubled the size of
the United States
War of 1812 (1812-1815)
•
•
Three causes:
Impressments (taking) of sailors
Neutrality of the seas
Security of Ships
Francis Scott Key- wrote the National Anthem
at the Battle of Baltimore at Ft. McHenry.
• Much of Washington D.C. and the White House
are burned down.
• Treaty of Ghent- war ends with nothing solved.
• Battle of New Orleans- Fought after war before
news of peace arrived. Huge victory for U.S.
and Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero.
Industrial Revolution (Early 1800’s)
• Samuel Slater- stole factory plans and brought them to
the United States creating the first spinning mills
• First factories are built in New England because of the
fast moving rivers.
• Spinning Jenny- spun multiple threads at the same
time.
• Cotton Gin- created by Eli Whitney to deseed cotton.
• Led to a rise in industry and product output, expansion
of transportation, and growth of cities.
• Erie Canal- connected the Mid-West and New York
City via rivers and Lake Erie instead of using the
Mississippi River and traveling around Florida.
• Turnpikes and National Road are created connecting
the east and Mid-West
Age of Jackson (1829-1836)
• Created the spoils
system- gave supporters
jobs in the gov’t.
• Got rid of voting
requirements
• Changed the way
presidents campaigned
and were elected.
• Trail of Tears- Wanted to
remove Native
Americans out of Florida.
Thousands of
Cherokees died along a
forced march to
Oklahoma.
Suffragist and Abolition Movement
Early-Mid 1800’s
• Women wanted more rights and opportunity in society.
• Women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia
Motts, and Susan B. Anthony fought for suffrage.
• Seneca Falls Convention- conference in Seneca Falls,
NY to discuss women’s role in society.
• Dorothea Dix helped reform prisons and mental
hospitals.
• Abolitionism- movement to end slavery
• Activists such as Harriet Tubman (Underground
Railroad) and Sojourner Truth were abolitionist.
United States Expansion
(Manifest Destiny)
• Manifest Destiny: belief that America should own all of the land
between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
• Cession of Florida (1821)- paid $5 million dollars to Spain and
signed the Adam-Onis Treaty.
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)- Stated that European countries were
not welcomed or allowed to colonize in the Western
Hemisphere and that the U.S. would not interfere with existing
European colonies.
• Annexation of Texas (1845)- Texas declared independence
from Mexico and in 1845 it was annexed (added onto) the
United States.
• Oregon Territory (1846)- negotiated and signed a treaty with
Britain for the territory.
• American Southwest and California- Won during the MexicanAmerican War (1846-48). Gained California, Nevada, Utah,
Arizona, Colorado, & New Mexico.
• Alaska (1867)- bought from Russia for $7 Million
Nationalism vs. Sectionalism
• Nationalism- pride in ones nation
• Sectionalism- pride in the section or region that one
lives.
-North: center of manufacturing, shipping, fishing and
little to no slavery
-South: economy based on slave labor and large
plantations that grew cotton & tobacco. Most
southerners did not have slaves.
-West: became nations wheat growers and was
divided between the slave issue.
• Major Tensions of Sectionalism were on the issues of
slavery, states rights, and western expansion.
Major Tensions between
North and the South
• North and South had to make compromises on the
issues of slavery, states rights, and western expansion
in order to keep the peace.
• Missouri Compromise of 1820- kept the number of
slave and free states equal.
• Compromise of 1850:
-California becomes free state
-Divided Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah.
-Popular Sovereignty would decided the slavery
question.
-Ended slavery in Washington D.C. and created
Fugitive Slave Law
-Settled dispute b/w Texas and New Mexico.
Upholds popular
sovereignty in New Mexico
and Utah
Admits California as a free
state
Compromise of 1850
Settles Texas/New
Mexico border
dispute
Bans slave trade in
Washington, D.C.
Includes Fugitive Slave
Act
Differences b/w North and South
North
• Population- 22,340,000
South
• 9,103,000(4 Million Slave)
• Farmland- 105,835
acres
• 8,947 acres
• Factories- 119,500
• 20,600
• Workers in Industry1,198,000
• 111,000
• Railroads- 21,847
• 8,947
Separate Leadership and the Beginning
of the Civil War
• Abraham Lincoln wins the election of 1860.
• 1860- South secedes (separates) from the U.S.
and becomes the Confederate States of
America.
• Jefferson Davis becomes the President of the
Confederacy.
• April 1861, the Confederate Army attacks Union
base at Ft. Sumter, SC and took Charleston
Harbor.
Key Events, Concepts & People of the
Civil War
• Military Leaders:
North- General Ulysses S. Grant
South- General Robert E. Lee
• Battle of Bull Run (1861)-First victory for South
• Battle of Antietam (Sept 1862)-23,000 Union and
Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded.
• Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec 1862)- Huge Union
Defeat
• Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1863)-freed all
slaves in the Confederate States
• Battle of Chancellorville (May 1863)- Confederate
victory and death of Union general.
Key Events, Concepts & People of the
Civil War Continued.
• Draft was created 1863 that sparked major riots in
New York
• Seizing of Vicksburg (1863)- cut off western
Confederate States.
• Gettysburg (July 1863)- 40,000 wounded or dead and
were buried there. Location of Lincoln’s Gettysburg
Address on the future of American democracy.
• Sherman’s March to the Sea (Sept 1864)- Destroyed
everything in the south as they marched through
Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean.
• Appomattox Courthouse (April 1865)-General Lee
(South) surrenders to the General Grant (North).
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Reconstruction (1867-1877)
South was completely destroyed during the Civil War
Southerners had to swear loyalty to the Union.
Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South.
Freedmen’s Bureau- Helped newly freed slaves get food,
clothes, shelter, and work.
Lincoln is assassinated in April, 1865.
13th Amendment is passed banning the institution of slavery.
South passes Black Codes to oppress freed slaves. KKK is
created for same reason
14th Amendment is passed granting citizenship to all persons
born in the United States.
Reconstruction Act separates south into militarized states to
maintain control.
15th Amendment is passed giving African Americans the right to
vote.
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags try to make profit off of war torn
south.