Transcript Honors AH Civil War

Disunion and the Civil War
EQ: What events divided the
nation prior to the Civil War?
How did the North and the South
prepare for war?
Think About It
“ A house divided against itself
cannot stand…”
-Who said this?
-What does it mean?
Analyze
Do you think based on the problems of
the 1840’s and 1850’s that Civil War
was inevitable?
Strengths of the South
• Majority of trained military
officers were Southerners
• Did not need to initiate
military action/ act on
defensive
• Seized some Union weapons
• Morale: felt fighting to
preserve way of life and right
to self-government
• Cotton???
Strengths of the North
• 3/4th of nation’s wealth twice as
many RRs
• ¾ as many factories
• Economy balanced between
farming/industry
• More $ in the banks/ 1863
National Banking System
• 2/3rd of U.S. population:
immigrants still arriving
• Existing/functioning
government
• Small army/navy in place
• King Corn/Wheat beats out
King Cotton in Britain
Northern Strategies
• Naval blockade of
Southern ports
• Gain control of the
Mississippi to cut the
Confederacy in two
– Called the Anaconda Plan
• Seize the Confederate
capital (Roughly 98 miles
away)
Southern Strategies
• War of attrition- inflict
continuous losses on the enemy
to wear them down
• Stop sending cotton to Great
Britain and France in the hopes
they would help because of
their need for cotton
Ticket Out the Door
Who do you think had the best
advantages/strategical plan? Why?
EQ: What were the outcomes of
the battles for both sides by the
end of 1862? Why did Lincoln
issue the Emancipation
Proclamation and what effect did
it have on the North and the
South?
Think About It
• Can you think of any early battles of the
Civil War?
• Can you think of any that are known by 2
different names?
First Battle of Civil War
Bull Run or 1st Manassas
• July 21, 1861
• Both armies are
unseasoned and “green”
• Geographical location:
short distance South and
West of Washington DC
Bull
st
Run/1
• The Confederate
Army
– Defend the crossroads
– Defend the railway
– Occupy the high
ground
– Draw “Billy Yank”
into a fight on the
ground of their
choosing
– Good showing…
Manassas
• The Union Army
– Swift victory
– Capture the railway
– Threaten the rear of the
Rebel Army
– Destroy the Army if
possible
– Relieve pressure on
Washington DC
• Civilians show up with a
picnic lunch to watch!
• Both Armies prepare to
attack the others left flank
• The fighting is close,
personal and BLOODY
– 4700 casualties
• Now everyone knows what is
in store for the Union
• Monitor and the Merrimack (renamed CSS
Virginia) March 9, 1862
– Also called the Battle of Hampton Roads OR
Battle of the Ironclads
– Ended in a draw; Union claimed victory
• Forts Henry and Donelson (February 1862)
– Protect Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers from
Union
– Forts fall to “Unconditional Surrender” Grant1st
Union victory of the war
• Action on the Mississippi (April-June 1862)
– Union forces moved up Miss. R. and took New
Orleans, Baton Rouge, Natchez, Memphis
Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing)
– April 6-7 1862
• Tennessee
– First big battle in
the “west”
– 23,000 casualties
– Union victory
• The country is shocked
by the bloodshed
Seven Days Battle
– June 26 – July 2 1862
• Virginia
– 1st extended battle of the
war
– Strategic Confederate
victory
• McClellan vs. Lee
– Union withdrew from
James Peninsula in
Virginia
Second Battle of Bull Run
(Manassas)
• August 28-30th, 1862
• CSA under Stonewall
Jackson destroy
Union supply base
there
• Strategic Confederate
victory
• Morale in the North
sinks
Antietam
– Sept 17, 1862
• Maryland
– Single deadliest day of the
war
• 23,000 casualties
– No clear winner:
Confederates retreat,
Union claims victory
– Lincoln drops the
Emancipation
Proclamation
Fredericksburg
– Dec 11th -13th 1862
• Virginia
– Urban combat
– Irish Brigade losses
50% of its men
– 18,000 casualties
• Confederate victory!
"It is well that war is so terrible, or we
should grow too fond of it.“
Gen. Robert E. Lee
Discussion
• Who seemed to be winning by the end of
1862? Why do you think that?
EQ: Why was 1863 considered a
pivotal year in the war?
Buddy Up
Recall with a buddy all you can from previous
history classes about the year 1863
Battle of Chancellorsville
• Location: 10 miles west of
Fredericksburg, VA
• Happened: May 1-May 5, 1863
• Union General Hooker with
90,000 men clashes with CSA
General Lee’s 40,000
• Hooker taken by surprise; and
forced to retreat
• CSA win; but lost General
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
Battle of Gettysburg
• Location: Gettysburg, PA
• Happened: July 1-July 3, 1863
• Union General George Meade
(in command less than a week),
CSA General Lee
• Forces: Union-85,000, casualties
23,000; CSA-75,000, casualties,
28,000
• CSA defeat, retreat July 4
Heroics and Slaughter
• Devil’s Den/Little Round Top
–Slaughter Pen
• Pickett’s Charge
Devil’s Den/Little Round Top: Day 2
Pickett’s Charge
A lone cannon and the field of Pickett's Charge. The Copse of Trees
(focal point of the charge) is the right-most cluster of trees on the ridge,
Battle of Vicksburg
• Location: Vicksburg, MS on the
Mississippi River; on high ground
• Happened: December 1862-July 4
• Union General US Grant, CSA
General Pemberton
• Late May, Grant began siege; fired
2800 shells at city everyday
• City surrenders when 30,000 CSA
walk out and lay down arms
Academic Writing
• Which do you think was a more significant
turning point in the war: Vicksburg or
Gettysburg? Why? Support your answer.
EQ: How did the “hammering”
campaigns of Grant and Sherman
affect the outcome of the war?
What hardships did the soldiers
and ordinary citizens face during
the war and after?
Think About It
What do you think the saying
“Total War” means?
Grant in Command
• Lincoln up for re-election
1864 needs to win battles,
gives command to Grant
• Plan to crush CSA army
before election
• Remains in east, General
Sherman in charge of west
• Strategy : “Total War”
Grant vs. Lee
• Battle of the Wilderness (May
5-7, 1864)
– Heads toward Richmond w/
115,000 (as high as 120,000)
– Lee has 64,000
– Same ground as Chancellorsville
– Fight is vicious, forests catch
fire, firing on own troops,
massive losses; casualties:
Union-17,000; CSA 11,000
• Grant moved around Lee and
continued march, no winner
• Battle of Spotsylvania (May 8-21)
– CSA caught up with Union army
– Huge loss of human life especially for
Union
– Casualties: Union 18400; CSA 13400
– No winner, continued move toward
Richmond
• Battle of Cold Harbor (May 31June 3)
– Trench warfare
– 7000 Union men die in one hour on
June 3
– Casualties: Union 12,000; CSA 2500
– CSA victory, Union can’t reach
Richmond
• Siege of Petersburg (begins
June 18, 1864-April 1865)
– Grant can’t take Richmond
attacks this RR center
– Union men don’t want to fight
(lost 65,000 men in 2 months)
– By April, CSA is starving, slip
out of city to meet other
Confederate forces
• Laid waste to the
Shenandoah Valley
– Bread basket of VA
– Burned and ravaged by Union
troops
Havoc on the Lower South
• Union army under General
William T. Sherman98,000 men
• Plan take Atlanta and lay
waste to the lower south
• CSA reduced from 62,000
to 45,000 men, CSA
retreats to Atlanta and
Sherman lays siege
• Early September takes the
city
“War is cruelty”, Sherman once wrote, “There
is no use trying to reform it. The crueler it is ,
the sooner it will be over.”
• March to the Sea
– Burns Atlanta and leaves 300
miles of devastation to Savannah;
taken Dec 21, 1864
– Feb 1865 moves to South
Carolina
– Plan: Destroy South’s remaining
resources and will to fight
– Burns Columbia and houses in
path (if people fought)
Election of 1864
• Lincoln-Republican vs.
McClellan-Democrat
• South hopes McClellan will
win and let the South go
• Hopes dashed after Atlanta
burns Northerners more than
willing to vote Lincoln back in
• Lincoln believes in ending
slavery- Feb 1865 passed 13th
amendment to do just that
Surrender
• Lee’s army tracked from Petersburg by Union troops to
Appomattox Court House- April 9th , 1865
– “ There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant,
and I would rather die a thousand deaths…” General Robert E. Lee
• Generous terms of surrender: troops could take their things
and go home, they would be fed and they would not be
punished as traitors
• Last shot fired May 6, 1865 in Waynesville, NC in the east- west:
Battle of Palmito Ranch, TX- May 12-13
• Lincoln never sees-assassinated April 14th, 1865
Academic Writing
• General Sherman said this about war, “The
crueler it is, the sooner it will be over.”
Do you agree or disagree? Use examples
from 1864 and 1865 to support your
answer.
Hardships
Economies
• North
– Industries that depend
on southern
market/cotton hurt (not
many)
– Women filled in men’s
jobs; lower pays meant
higher profits
• South
– Food shortage
– Large # men out of
rural areas fighting not
farming
– Industry grew but not
enough
– Inflation
Civilian hardships
• Everyone knew someone
away in war
• Many women, especially in
the South, left to fend for
themselves and children;
faced lack of food, work, etc.
• Women-participated in
smuggling, nursing, spying,
soldiers, working farms
Prison Camps
•
•
•
•
•
•
Little food
No sanitation
No privacy
Nothing to fend off
cold or heat
Diseases spread quickly
– Most notorious: Andersonville
• Built to hold 10,000 men, held up to
35,000 with 100 prisoners dying
everyday
Medical Care
• Diseases kill the highest
number of soldiers
• Union soldier 3 times more
likely to die in camp or
hospital than battle
• Medical equipment not
sterilized
• Little to no sanitation in
camps
– Women become nurses
• Clara Barton “Angel of the
Battlefield”
African American Soldiers
• Many were first contrabandownership transfers to U.S.
government and then set free
• Until Emancipation Proclamation
many work in menial jobs with
Union army, after soldiers
• By end 180,000 enlisted
• Until 1864 only made $7 per
month, while white soldiers
received $13 per month
– The Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts
Regiment served a year without pay
rather than accept the unfair wages