Transcript Chapter 16-Causes of Civil War

CHAPTER 17
Causes of the Civil
War
Differences over Slavery
• SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE UNITED STATES
THERE HAD BEEN A DEBATE OF THE SLAVERY
SYSTEM
• THIS DIVISIVE ISSUE WAS “SOLVED” THROUGH
THE USE OF COMPROMISE.
• THE COMPROMISES, WHICH START IN THE
CONSTITUTION IN 1787, CONTINUE UNTIL THE
CIVIL WAR IN 1860.
First Major Cause-The Missouri
Compromise
• 1819-11 free and 11 slave states, a balance
• Northern states argued against admitting
another slave state.
• 1820-Maine applied for statehood
• Henry Clay (KY) proposed the Missouri
Compromise
The Missouri Compromise
• Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine as a
free state-balanced maintained
• A line was drawn-36 degrees 30 minutes N.
• North of that line in area of the Louisiana
Purchase=NO SLAVES; South of that
line=SLAVERY ALLOWED
• A temporary solution
More Controversy-Mexican Cession
& the Wilmot Proviso , 1848
• The Missouri Compromise only applied to
the Louisiana Territory
• Many northerners were against the war with
Mexico because they believed that the war
was fought to extend the institution of
slavery
• David Wilmot (PA) convinced the House to
outlaw slavery in any new territory won
from Mexico
The Senate defeated the Wilmot
Proviso
• Southerners said that the constitution did
not allow Congress to regulate slavery in
the territories
• Led to the growth of Sectionalism
Northerners saw the South as a
foreign nation were American
rights and liberties were denied.
Saw slavery as morally wrong;
growth of the Abolition
Movement
Southerners thought that
slavery should be allowed in
all territories as a Property
right and demanded that run
away slaves should be returned
Moderates take Center Stage
• Many wanted to just extend the Missouri
Compromise line to the Pacific
• Others supported the idea of Popular
Sovereignty
Popular Sovereignty: All voters in
a territory should vote to decide
whether to allow slavery or to ban
slavery
A new Political Party: The Free
Soil Party
• 1848-Antislavery Whigs and Democrats met in
Buffalo
• “Free soil, free speech, free labor and free men.”
• Main goal to stop the spread of slavery into the
territories
• Few wanted to end slavery in the South
• Showed its’ strength when Van Buren, (Free Soil
candidate) received 10% of the vote and 13 Free
Soilers were elected to Congress
The Need for Compromise
• Between 1820 and 1850, eight states had
joined the union, 4 slave (MO, AK, FL,
TEXAS) & 4 free (ME, MI, Iowa, WI)
• California wanted to enter as a free state
• The North, already with a majority in the
House, would now have a majority in the
Senate
• How could the South stop the North from
outlawing slavery? Serious talk about
Secession.
The Three Leaders of Sectionalism
Slaves are property
and states have the
right to protect its’
citizens property!
Calhoun, South
We must
compromise to
save the nation.
Clay, the West
No state can
secede but
slavery must
not expand
into the
territories.
Webster, North
The Aging Three: Clay, Calhoun &
Webster
Calhoun-Slavery could not end & must be allowed
in the territories. Wanted fugitive slaves returned as
a right of property. If the North could not agree:
“Let the states … agree to separate and part in
peace.”
Clay-the Great
Compromiser-pleaded
for the North and South
to compromise or the
nation would fall apart
Webster- “I speak not as a Massachusetts
man, not as a Northern man, but as an
American. There can be no talk of peaceable
secession… only civil war could bring
separation.” Opposed the spread of slavery
to the territories, wanted slavery ended in
Washington, D.C. South could ask for the
return of run away slaves.
Compromise of 1850 Debated
The Compromise of 1850 (Clay’s
Compromise)
• With Calhoun dead, Fillmore replaced Taylor
as president (who also had died) & Clay very
ill, Stephen Douglas pushed the Compromise
through Congress-4 main parts
– CA entered as a free state
– The rest of the Mexican Cession divided into the
NM and Utah territories with Popular Sovereignty
– Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
– Fugitive Slave Law passed.
MANY AGAINST THE
COMPROMISES
• SOUTH--CALHOUN ( AND OTHERS) FEARED
NORTHERN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POWER.
• HE WAS AFRAID THAT WITH THE NORTHERN
POPULATION INCREASES, THE CONGRESS, THE
EXECUTIVE AND EVENTUALLY THE SUPREME COURT
WOULD BE CONTROLLED BY NORTHERNERS
• LAWS COULD BE PASSED BY THE NATIONAL
G0VERNMENT THAT WOULD OUTLAW SLAVERY.
• WANTED AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION
THAT WOULD ALLOW NULLIFICATION AND CALLED
FOR A RETURN TO A FORM OF GOVERNMENT LIKE
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION.
Arguments Over Slavery
MANY AGAINST THE
COMPROMISES
• NORTH--ABOLITIONISTS WERE OUTRAGED. THEY
SAW THE COMPROMISE AS AN INVITATION TO
EXPAND SLAVERY INTO THE TERRITORIES
• AN ATTEMPT TO FORCE PEOPLE WHO WERE
AGAINST SLAVERY TO HELP KEEP IT ALIVE BY RECAPTURING THE RUN AWAY SLAVE IN THE NORTH.
• BEFORE 1850, A SLAVE WHO REACHED A “FREE”
STATE WOULD MOST LIKELY REMAIN FREE.
AFTER THIS COMPROMISE, THE ONLY “FREE”
AREA WOULD BE CANADA.
The Fugitive Slave Act
• FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW PASSED--RUNAWAY
SLAVES COULD BE OFFICIALLY HUNTED
IN NORTHERN (FREE) STATES AND FORCED
TO RETURN TO THEIR OWNERS.
• THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WOULD
HELP CAPTURE RUNAWAYS
• IT BECAME A CRIME TO ASSIST, HELP,
GUIDE, HIDE FEED AND SHELTER ANY
RUNAWAY. ($1,000 fine and 6 months in jail)
Major Problems
• THOSE WHO TRIED TO ENFORCE THIS
LAW, OFTEN PUT THEMSELVES IN
JEOPARDY:
– IN BOSTON, A RUNAWAY WAS ARRESTED BUT
AN ANTI-SLAVERY MOB ATTACKED THE JAIL,
BROKE DOWN THE WALL AND FREED THE
SLAVE.
– IN PENN. A MARYLAND SLAVE OWNER WHO
TRIED TO RECLAIM A RUN AWAY SLAVE WAS
ATTACKED AND BEATEN TO DEATH BY THE
MOB.
Major Problems
• THERE WERE MANY EXAMPLES OF MISTAKEN
IDENTITY OR SIMPLY FRAUD.
– IN NEW YORK, A WELL KNOWN FREE BLACK,
JAMES HAMLET WAS CAPTURED AND FORCED INTO
MARYLAND AND MADE A SLAVE. NO TRIAL, NO
APPEAL AND NEVER SAW HIS FAMILY AGAIN &
BLACK WERE NOT ALLOWED TO TESTIFY IN COURT
• A judge would receive $10 for every slave sent back to the
South (whether he was a run away or not) and only $5 if a
person was freed.
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN BY HARRIET
BEECHER STOWE ANGERED
SOUTHERNERS.
• 1852-STOWE WROTE A NOVEL ABOUT A KENTUCKY PLANTATION
WHICH DESCRIBED THE HORRIBLE CONDITIONS THAT SLAVES
WERE FACED WITH UNDER A CRUEL SLAVE OWNER. HUNDREDS
OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE READ THE NOVEL (OR SAW A PLAY
BASED ON THE NOVEL) AND BELIEVED THAT THE STORY WAS
TRUE.
• AS A RESULT, THE NOVEL WAS ABLE TO CONVINCE MANY
WHITES IN THE NORTH THAT SLAVERY SHOULD BE ENDED.
SOUTHERNERS HATED THE NOVEL AND CLAIMED IT DID NOT
ACCURATELY PORTRAY LIFE ON A TYPICAL PLANTATION
ESPECIALLY SINCE STOWE NEVER HAD SEEN OR BEEN TO A
PLANTATION.
• INCREASED THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO WANTED TO SEE THE
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
OF 1854
• DOUGLAS INTRODUCED A BILL TO ORGANIZE THE NEBRASKA
TERRITORY.
• HE WANTED TO BUILD A TRANS-CONTINENTAL RAILROAD
(MAKING CHICAGO THE MOST IMPORTANT HUB CITY IN THE
COUNTRY) TO THE WEST.
• HE KNEW THAT THE SOUTH WOULD OBJECT TO ADDING
ANOTHER TERRITORY THAT MIGHT BECOME A FREE STATE.
• HE PROPOSED THAT NEBRASKA BE DIVIDED INTO TWO
SEPARATE TERRITORIES, KANSAS & NEBRASKA AND ALLOW
EACH TERRITORY TO USE POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY TO
DECIDE FOR THEMSELVES THE SLAVERY ISSUE.
WHY DID DOUGLAS MAKE
THIS PROPOSAL?
• DOUGLAS WANTS NATIONAL RAILROAD
• KNEW OF THE FEAR OF MISSOURI BEING
SURROUNDED ON THREE SIDES BY FREE
STATES.
• DOUGLAS WANTED TO BECOME
PRESIDENT AND KNEW HE WOULD NEED
SOUTHERN (SLAVE STATE) SUPPORT
PROBLEM: THESE NEW TERRITORIES
WERE NORTH OF THE 36 DEGREE LINE
SET BY THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
• SOUTHERNERS SUPPORTED THE BILL BECAUSE
THEY WERE SURE THAT SLAVE OWNERS FROM
MISSOURI WOULD CROSS OVER INTO KANSAS
AND VOTE TO MAKE KANSAS A SLAVE STATE.
• NORTHERNERS AGAINST BECAUSE THIS LAW
WOULD OVERTURN THE MISSOURI
COMPROMISE
• COULD LEAD TO SLAVERY IN AREAS THAT HAD
BEEN SLAVE-FREE FOR OVER 30 YEARS.
Bleeding Kansas
• KANSAS BECAME THE FOCAL POINT OF THE SLAVERY
ISSUE
• BOTH PRO AND ANTI SLAVERY GROUPS MOVE INTO
KANSAS IN ORDER TO VOTE FOR OR AGAINST
SLAVERY (POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY)
• PRO-SLAVERY FARMERS FROM MISSOURI, AFRAID TO
BE SURROUNDED BY FREE TERRITORIES ON THREE
SIDES FLOOD INTO KANSAS.
• AT THE SAME TIME, NORTHERN ABOLITIONISTS,
ESPECIALLY THOSE FROM NEW ENGLAND, SOLD ALL
THEIR POSSESSIONS AND MOVED INTO KANSAS.
Bleeding Kansas
• WHEN TWO GROUPS OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE
COMPLETELY DIFFERENT VIEW POINTS ON SUCH
AN EMOTIONAL ISSUE COME TOGETHER IN
SMALL AREAS, VIOLENCE WILL BREAK OUT.
• BOTH SIDES STARTED NEWSPAPERS TO
CONVINCE THE VOTERS TO VOTE FOR OR
AGAINST SLAVERY
Bleeding Kansas
• IN 1855, KANSAS HELD ELECTIONS IN WHICH “BORDER
RUFFIANS” CROSSED THE BORDER FROM MISSOURI AND
VOTED ILLEGALLY. THEY ELECTED A PRO-SLAVERY
LEGISLATURE WHO PASSED LAWS SUPPORTING SLAVERY
INCLUDING LAWS THAT ANYONE HELPING A SLAVE
ESCAPE WOULD FACE THE DEATH PENALTY AND
ANYONE SPEAKING OUT AGAINST SLAVERY WOULD GO
TO PRISON FOR TWO YEARS.
• ANTI-SLAVERY SETTLERS REFUSED TO ACCEPT THESE
LAWS AND ELECTED THEIR OWN GOVERNOR AND
LEGISLATURE AND PASSED LAWS THAT MADE SLAVERY
ILLEGAL.
Bleeding Kansas
• ON MAY 20, 1856, SENATOR SUMNER FROM
MASSACHUSETTS IN A FAMOUS SPEECH “THE CRIME
AGAINST KANSAS” RIDICULED SENATOR BUTLERFROM
SOUTH CAROLINA.
• TWO DAYS LATER, BUTLER’S NEPHEW, PRESTON
BROOKS, A MEMBER OF THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES, ATTACKED BUTLER WITH A CANE
BEATING SUMNER SO HARD THAT HE BROKE THE CANE
OVER SUMNER’S HEAD.
• BROOKS WAS REWARDED WITH RE-ELECTION AND WAS
SENT HUNDREDS OF CANES TO REPLACE HIS BROKEN
ONE.
Bleeding Kansas
• IN MAY 1856, THE TOWN OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS WAS
ATTACKED BY 800 MISSOURI “BORDER RUFFIANS”
AND COMPLETELY DESTROYED THE TOWN
• JOHN BROWN, WHO CLAIMED THAT GOD HAD SENT
HIM TO PUNISH SUPPORTERS OF SLAVERY, IN THE
MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT DRAGGED FIVE PROSLAVERY
SETTLERS FROM THEIR BEDS AND MURDERED THEM.
• BY THE END OF 1856, OVER 200 PEOPLE ON BOTH
SIDES OF THE ISSUE HAD BEEN KILLED.
Dred Scott Case-1857
• DRED SCOTT WAS A SLAVE WHO MOVED
WITH HIS OWNER TO ILLINOIS THEN TO THE
FREE TERRITORY OF WISCONSIN. WHILE IN
WISCONSIN, HIS OWNER DIED. HE WAS
RETURNED TO MISSOURI AS PROPERTY OF
HIS OWNERS’ RELATIVES.
• ANTI SLAVERY LAWYERS HELPED HIS FILE
SUIT IN FEDERAL COURT ASKING THE
COURT TO DECLARE SCOTT A FREE MAN.
• EVENTUALLY THE CASE WENT TO THE
SUPREME COURT.
Dred Scott Case
• THE COURT RULED THAT SINCE SCOTT WAS A
SLAVE, HE WAS NOT A CITIZEN AND COULD NOT
FILE SUIT IN FEDERAL COURTS.
• FURTHER, THE COURT RULED THAT CONGRESS
HAD NO RIGHT TO OUTLAW SLAVERY IN THE
TERRITORIES, ONLY STATES COULD DECIDE THE
SLAVERY ISSUE.
• THIS RULING MEANT THAT SCOTT WAS NOT A
FREEMAN AND THAT THE MISSOURI
COMPROMISE WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
Reaction to the Scott Case
• SOUTHERNERS
LOVED THIS
RULING, SLAVERY
WAS LEGAL IN
ANY STATE OR
TERRITORY THAT
ALLOWED
SLAVERY.
• NORTHERNERS
OUTRAGED
BECAUSE IT
LEGALIZED
SLAVERY IN EVERY
TERRITORY
The Republican Party
• IN 1854, ANTI-SLAVERY WHIGS AND FREE SOILERS
MET IN MICHIGAN.
• THE WHIGS SAW THEIR PARTY FALLING APART
DUE TO THE AGE OF THE LEADERSHIP AND THE
FREE SOILERS BELIEVED IN FREE HOMESTEADS
FOR SETTLERS AND PART OF THE PARTY
BELIEVED IN NO MORE SLAVE TERRITORIES OR
STATES
• THEY HAD BECOME WEAKENED WHEN SLAVE
SUPPORTERS ALSO WANTED FREE HOMESTEADS
IN THE WEST
The Republican Party
•
THE MAIN GOAL WAS TO KEEP SLAVERY OUT OF THE
TERRITORIES. THE MAJORITY DID NOT WANT TO END SLAVERY
IN THE SOUTH.
• IN THE ELECTION OF 1856, JOHN FREMONT WAS CHOSEN BY THE
REPUBLICANS AGAINST JAMES BUCHANAN, “A NORTHERN MAN
WITH SOUTHERN PRINCIPLES” BUCHANAN WON BUT FREMONT
ALMOST CARRIED THE ENTIRE NORTH AND CAME CLOSE TO
WINNING THE ELECTION.
• THIS WORRIED SOUTHERNERS BECAUSE FREMONT ALMOST
WON THE ELECTION WITH NO SOUTHERN SUPPORT.
• THIS SHOWED THAT SOUTHERN INFLUENCE IN NATIONAL
ELECTIONS WAS FADING FAST.
The Rise of Abraham Lincoln
• BY 1858, LINCOLN WAS WELL KNOWN IN ILLINOIS, FIRST AS A
STATE LEGISLATOR AND LATER AS A MEMBER OF THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES.
• MANY ADMIRED HIM FOR HIS HONESTY AND HIS
STRAIGHTFORWARD STYLE OF SPEAKING. HE WAS KNOWN AS
HONEST ABE.
• HE DECIDED TO RUN AGAINST STEPHEN DOUGLAS, FOR THE
SENATE, BECAUSE HE WAS AGAINST THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT.
• LINCOLN WAS ANTI-SLAVERY BUT NOT AN ABOLITIONIST. HE
BELIEVED THAT SLAVERY WAS A “MORAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
WRONG” HE DID NOT WANT SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES BUT
WOULD INTERFERE WITH THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY IN THE
STATES WHERE IT EXISTED.
LINCOLN/DOUGLAS DEBATES
The Rise of Abraham Lincoln
• DURING THE CAMPAIGN, LINCOLN CHALLENGED DOUGLAS
TO A SERIES OF THE DEBATES. THESE “CO-SPEECHES”
BECAME SOME OF THE MOST FAMOUS IN AMERICANS
HISTORY.
• DOUGLAS TRIED TO PORTRAY LINCOLN AS AN ABOLITIONIST
AND LINCOLN TRIED TO GET DOUGLAS TO MAKE PROSLAVERY STATEMENTS. IN ONE OF THE DEBATES
• LINCOLN MADE HIS “HOUSE DIVIDED” SPEECH. LINCOLN
SAID THAT A NATION HALF SLAVE AND HALF FREE COULD
NOT SURVIVE “A HOUSE DIVIDED AGAINST ITSELF CANNOT
STAND!”
• DOUGLAS LOST THE ELECTION, BUT GAIN NATIONAL
ATTENTION.
RAID ON HARPERS FERRY,
1859
• JOHN BROWN AND HIS FOLLOWERS HAD A PLAN
TO ATTACK AN ARSENAL AT HARPERS FERRY,
VIRGINIA (HARRIET TUBMAN WAS SUPPOSED TO
GO WITH BROWN BUT WAS ILL) AND ARM SLAVES
FOR A SLAVE REVOLT.
• HE CAPTURED THE ARSENAL BUT WAS QUICKLY
SURROUNDED BY ROBERT E. LEE.
• LEE AND HIS MEN KILLED 10 OF BROWN’S
FOLLOWERS WERE KILLED AND BROWN
CAPTURED.
HARPERS FERRY
• BROWN WENT ON TRIAL FOR MURDER AND
TREASON, FOUND GUILTY AND EXECUTED
• WHILE HATED IN THE SOUTH, CHURCH BELLS
THROUGHOUT THE NORTH WERE RUNG ON THE
MORNING OF THE EXECUTION AND BROWN WAS
CONSIDERED A HERO.
• SOUTHERNERS WERE OUTRAGED, BAD ENOUGH
TO CRITICIZE SLAVERY BUT TO PRAISE A MAN
WHO HOPED TO LEAD TO A SLAVE REVOLT WAS
INTOLERABLE. MANY SOUTHERNERS FELT THAT
THE NORTH WAS TRYING TO END SLAVERY AND
DESTROY THE SOUTH
ELECTION OF 1860
• -DEMOCRATIC PARTY SPLITS OVER CANDIDATES:
– NATIONAL CONVENTION WAS HELD IN CHARLESTON, SC
THOSE WHO WANTED SLAVERY IN ALL THE TERRITORIES,
WANTED SECESSION AND WANTED SLAVERY IN ALL THE
TERRITORIES WERE KNOWN AS THE “FIRE EATERS.”
– OTHERS COULD NOT AGREE ON SLAVERY IN THE
TERRITORIES. DOUGLAS RECEIVED A MAJORITY BUT NOT
THE 2/3 NECESSARY FOR THE NOMINATION. THE
CONVENTION BREAKS UP IN CHAOS.
– THE DELEGATES DECIDE TO MEET AGAIN IN BALTIMORE,
BUT THE “FIRE EATERS” WERE EXCLUDED FROM THE
CONVENTION.
– DOUGLAS WAS NOMINATED.
ELECTION 1860
• THE FIRE EATERS CHOSE JOHN
BRECKINRIDGE FROM KENTUCKY WHO
FAVORED SECESSION.
• OTHERS SAW THE SPLIT IN THE PARTY AS
A DANGER SIGNAL FOR THE NATION AND
FORMED THE CONSTITUTIONAL UNION
PARTY AND CHOSE JOHN BELL FROM
TENNESSEE AS A CANDIDATE WHO SIMPLY
WANTED TO KEEP THE COUNTRY
TOGETHER.
ELECTION OF 1860
• REPUBLICAN PARTY CHOSE LINCOLN, WHO SOUTHERNERS
BELIEVED WAS AN ABOLITIONIST AND WOULD TRY TO END
SLAVERY
• LINCOLN WINS THE ELECTION WITH 40% OF THE POPULAR
VOTE BUT 59% OF THE ELECTORAL VOTE WITHOUT WINNING
ONE SOUTHERN STATE. FIRST PRESIDENT ELECTED WITH NO
SOUTHERN SUPPORT
– DOUGLAS WON 30% OF THE POPULAR VOTE BUT ONLY 4% OF THE
ELECTOR VOTE.
– BRECKINRIDGE CAME IN SECOND IN THE ELECTORAL VOTE
WITH 24% BUT ONLY 18% OF THE POPULAR VOTE.
– EVEN BELL HAD MORE ELECTORAL VOTES THAN DOUGLAS. (12%
POPULAR,13% ELECTORAL)
ELECTION OF 1860,
ELECTORAL VOTE
70
60
50
Lincoln
Douglas
Bell
Breckinridge
40
30
20
10
0
Electoral
Popular
The South Secedes
• ON DECEMBER 20, 1860, SOUTH CAROLINA SECEDED
FROM THE UNION. BY FEBRUARY, 1861, SIX OTHER
STATES (TEXAS, GEORGIA, FLORIDA, ALABAMA,
MISSISSIPPI, AND LOUISIANA) HAD LEFT.
• BEFORE LINCOLN EVEN TAKES OFFICE, THE NATION HAD
SPLIT.
• IN MONTGOMERY ALABAMA, THE CONFEDERATE
STATES OF AMERICA WAS FORMED AND JEFFERSON
DAVIS WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE CONFEDERACY.
• THIS GOVERNMENT RESEMBLED THE ARTICLES OF
CONFEDERATION GOVERNMENT AND STATED THAT
SLAVES WERE PROPERTY.
The Nation Splits
The First Shots of the Civil War
• ON MARCH 4, 1861, LINCOLN TOOK OFFICE &
STATED THAT NO STATE COULD LEGALLY GET
OUT OF THE UNION, BUT HE WOULD START A WAR
UNLESS SOUTHERN STATES STARED IT.
• BY THE END OF MARCH, THE CONFEDERATE
ARMY HAD TAKEN ALL FEDERAL PROPERTY IN
THE SOUTH INCLUDING FORTS, POST OFFICES
AND FEDERAL BUILDING.
• THE UNION HELD ONLY FOUR FORTS IN THE
CONFEDERATE STATE INCLUDING FORT SUMTER
IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
First Shots-Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter Attacked
• ON APRIL 12, 1861, THE GOVERNOR ORDER
THE COMMANDER OF THE FORT SUMTER
TO SURRENDER. HE REFUSED AND THE
CONFEDERATE ARMY BEGAN A
BOMBARDMENT OF THE FORT.
• BY APRIL 13, THE UNION COMMANDER
R0BERT ANDERSON RAN OUT OF
AMMUNITION AND SURRENDERED THE
FORT.
• THE WAR HAD BEGUN.