Transcript The Civil War

The Civil War
1861-1865
Civil War, State Breakdown
Lincoln is Inaugurated
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Question: Will Lincoln use the military to challenge the secession?
Inaugural Address: In YOUR hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen,
and not in MINE, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government
will not assail YOU. You can have no conflict without being yourselves
the aggressors. YOU have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the
government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve,
protect, and defend it."
I am loathe to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be
enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our
bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every
battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over
this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again
touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.
Assures Southerners that he does not plan on interfering with slavery
Message of Conciliation and Warning
Preserve the Union
Lincoln and the Executive Office
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Lincoln exercised his powers as
executive and Commander in Chief in
unprecedented ways and without
Congressional approval.
Called for the 75,000 troops
Funding for the war
Suspended the writ of habeas corpus
Prospects for Victory, Economy
Union
 85% of the Nations
factories and
manufactured goods
 70% of the Railroads
 65% of the Farmlands
Confederacy
 Were depending on
“KING COTTON”.
European demand for
cotton would bring
financial support and
recognition, maybe even
an alliance.
Prospects for Victory, Politics
Union
 Well established
central government
 Politicians had
defined parties with
a strong base
 Preserve the Union
Confederacy
 Motivated by
“independence”
 States’ Rights, individual
states v strong central
government.
 Strong central
government was needed
 Hope that Northerners
would give up when the
war became too long
and too costly.
Prospects for Victory
Union
 Population 22.5 million
 Industrial Workers 1.3 million
 Factories produced nine times
as many industrial goods as the
South; 17 times as many cotton
and woolen goods; 30 times as
many boots and shoes; 20 times
as much pig iron;24 times as
many RR locomotives; 33 times
as many firearms
 800,000 immigrants
 Emancipation brings 180,000
African Americans
Confederacy
 Population 9 million, only 5.5
million free.
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Industrial Workers 110,000
Defensive war
750,000 square miles of territory
More Southerners had attended
military academies including
West Point
Most nations that fought for
independence won
Experience using firearms and
horses
Resources, Union and Confederacy
Confederate States of America
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Constitution modeled after the Constitution of
the United States
Differences
1. Non-successive six year term
2. Line item veto
3. Denied congress the powers to levy a
protective tariff and appropriate funds for
internal improvements
4. Prohibited the foreign slave trade
Fort Sumter
Location: Harbor of Charleston, South
Carolina
 Sumter is attacked
 Lincoln responds by calling on the states
to provide 75,000 militia men for 90 days
of service. Two times the amount
volunteered. Eight states still in the
Union refused to send troops while four
of the eight seceded. AR, TN, NC & VA
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Civil War, 1861-1862
The War, 1861-1862
“Man was willing to die for a cause of greater
value to him than life itself.” Hegel, On the French Revolution
 First Battle of Bull Run, Manassas Junction,
VA July 21, 1861
 As Union forces closed in on victory, General
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson arrived with
reinforcements and the Union forces retreated.
 Realization: this war was going to take longer
than originally expected.
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The War, 1861-1862, Eastern
Theater
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21 July 1861, Manassas, VA, First Battle of Bull Run,
Confederates turn back Union Troops, Gen. Irvin
McDowell replaced by Gen. George McClellan
Peninsula Campaign, march from Washington →
Richmond May 1862, McClellan, 2½ months to go 65
miles, Johnston stops McClellan outside Richmond
Seven Days Battle, Robert E. Lee, defeats McClellan,
Union abandons the Peninsula Campaign.
McClellan Removed, Replaced by General John Pope
29 – 30 August 1862, Second Battle of Bull Run, Pope
removed. McClellan put back in Charge
The War, 1861-1862, Eastern
Theater
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17 September 1862 Battle of Antietam, Sharpsburg
Maryland, Lee invades, forced to retreat. McClellan
replaced by Gen. Ambrose Burnside. 6,000 men dead
or dying, 17,000 wounded.
Lincoln has the victory he needed to deliver the
Emancipation Proclamation, slaves will be free in
states at war with the Union as of January 1, 1863.
13 December 1862, Battle of Fredericksburg,
Fredericksburg, VA Lee defeats Burnside, crushing
defeat for the Union, 13,000 casualties, 5000
casualties
The War, 1861-1862, Western
Theater
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The Mississippi River, Tennessee River and
Cumberland River very important to the Western
Theater.
 6-8 March 1862, Battle of Pea Ridge, Gen. Samuel
Curtis v Gen. Earl Van Doran, victory in Missouri
opens up Arkansas.
 6 February 1862 Battle at Fort Henry, TN on the TN
River. General Ulysses S. Grant
 16 February 1862, Battle at Fort Donelson, on the
Cumberland. Grant
 6 -7 April 1862, Battle of Shiloh. Grant defeats Albert
Sidney Johnston, 20,000 casualties.
 25 April 1862, New Orleans captured
 6 June 1862, Memphis falls
The War, 1863-65
The War, 1863-65
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Vicksburg, Mississippi key to controlling the
Mississippi River, Union must take it.
22 May – 4 July 1863, Siege of Vicksburg, 30,000
Confederates surrender.
1 – 3 July 1863, Battle of Gettysburg, Gettysburg, PA.
Lee (75,000) invades Union territory 28 June, Gen.
George Meade, Confederates suffer 28,000
casualties, retreat to Virginia
16-20 September, Battle of Chickamauga
23-25 November 1863, Battle of Chattanooga, Grant
victorious, Early 1864 named General in Chief of all
Union Armies, Army of the Potomac.
The War, 1863-65
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Grant puts Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in
charge of the Western Theater, Sherman begins the
move to Atlanta.
15 November 1864 “March to the Sea”, Atlanta to
Savannah, goal: destroy the will of the south. Sherman
moves 100,000 men against 65,000 Confederates
Grant takes command of the Army of the Potomac
5-7 May 1864 The Wilderness Campaign, Northern
Virginia, Grant and Lee head to head. 18,000
casualties 11,000 casualties
The War, 1863-65
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7 -19 May, Spotsylvania Court House, Union Victory,
Union 18,000 casualties Confederacy 10,000
casualties.
3 June 1864, Cold Harbor, Confederate victory, 5,000
Confederate casualties,13,000 Union casualties
June 1864 – April 1865, Siege of Petersburg
15-16 December 1864, Nashville, Union is now in total
control.
1 February 1865, Sherman leaves Savannah and
marches to the Carolinas
Lee abandons Petersburg, heads to Richmond
9 April 1865 Appomattox Court House, Virginia Lee
surrenders.
Election of 1864
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People questioned whether the election would take
place.
Republican Lincoln, Democrats McClellan
Republican Platform: Crush the Confederacy,
Amendment to ban slavery, warned European Nations
to remain neutral, assistance to veterans
Democrat Platform: Condemned the Union effort,
attacked Lincoln for wartime measures, end hostilities.
Campaign: McClellan early favorite, September war
looks good for the Union
Results, Election of 1864
The First Modern War
Technology
 Public Sentiment
 Mobilizing Resources
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The First Modern War, Technology
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Weapons created by the industrial revolution
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First major conflict in which the railroad was
used to transport troops and supplies.
Railroad junctions become prime targets
Monitor(U) v Merrimac(C) Ironclad superiority
Telegraph
Observation Balloons
Submarines
Musket replaced by the rifle
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The First Modern War, Technology
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The rifle changed the nature of military
combat
More emphasis placed on heavy
fortifications
Trenches
Advantage often held by those on the
defensive
The First Modern War, The Public
Public opinion was important, both the
Union and Confederacy used
propaganda. Drawings, music, and
pamphlets
 War correspondents, Newspapers,
Photographers- bring the war home.
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The First Modern War, The Public
The First Modern War, The Public
The First Modern War, Mobilization
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The Union and the Confederacy were
unprepared.
 Both sides lacked a national bank, tax system
capable of raising sufficient capital to fund the
war, accurate maps of the southern states.
 Trouble purchasing and distributing the food,
weapons and supplies to the troops.
Eventually the Union will figure this out.
The First Modern War, Mobilization
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Confederacy suffered from shortages of food,
uniforms, and shoes.
 Union generals accustomed to leading small
bands of professional soldiers had difficulty
managing the large numbers of untrained
soldiers
 Union Generals were too focused on capturing
Richmond
 Union raised money by raising the tariff,
placed taxes on the production and
consumption of goods
The First Modern War, Mobilization
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Union raised money by raising the tariff, placed taxes
on the production and consumption of goods
Sold interest-bearing bonds, $2 billion
Greenbacks $400 million “legal tender”
Homestead Act- promoted frontier settlement
Land Grant College Act
Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads
Prosperity in the North
Confederacy banked on “Cotton Diplomacy”
States’ Rights stood in the way of a united
Confederacy
Civil War, Settling of the Frontier
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Homestead Act- promoted the settlement of
the Great Plains 160 acres of public land free
to whatever person or family would farm that
land for at least five years
 Morrill Land Grant Act use the sale of federal
lands to maintain agricultural and technical
colleges
 Pacific Railway Act authorized the building of a
transcontinental railroad over a northern route
Civil War Results-Lasting Effects
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Civil Liberties – Habeus Corpus,
Conscription Act 1863
States’ Rights Arguments ceased to be
major issues
Northerners Dominate the political scene
Economic Changes
War Bonds $2.6 Billion
Morrill Tariff
$430 million in greenbacks, inflation
Modern industrial economy
Reconstruction
How would the South rebuild its
economy and society after the four years
of war?
 What should the role of government be
in helping the 4 million slaves integrate
into society?
 How should the confederate states be
handled?
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Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan
1.
Oath of allegiance to the Union
and the Constitution
2.
Accept the Emancipation of
slaves
3.
State governments would be
accepted as legitimate by the
President as long as 10% of
the voters took loyalty oaths
4.
Each state would have to
rewrite their constitutions and
eliminate slavery
Johnson’s Plan
1. Disenfranchisement of all former
leaders of the Confederacy
2. Disenfranchisement of all
Confederates with $20,000 or
more dollars in taxable property
3. Johnson made use of his power
to pardon.
4. States had to revoke their
ordinances of secession
5. States had to ratify the XIII
amendment
6. The 11 states had complied with
the requirements of
reconstruction.
Reconstruction
Congressional
Republicans were angered by
1. Former confederates holding elective
office
2. The Southern implementation of the
Black Codes.
Reconstruction, Black Codes
Allowed former slaves to:
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marry fellow blacks
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Own personal property
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Sue and be sued
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Required former
slaves to buy a license
to work a craft
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Arrest and fine
unemployed blacks
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Allowed for employers
to pay the fines of
unemployed blacks in
exchange for labor
Forbade former slaves to
 Serve on juries
 Vote
 Carry weapons without
a license
 Hold public office
 Own land
 Travel without a permit
Contract labor
Reconstruction, Reconstruction Acts
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Except for TN, ratified XIV Amendment, the other ten
state governments were declared illegal
Ten states were divided into five military districts
The army could use force to maintain the peace and
protect civil rights
Each state had to call a convention and write a new
constitution, members of the convention were elected
by all males, constitutions had to guarantee suffrage to
African-American males former Confederate officers
were not allowed to participate.
States had to ratify the XIV Amendment
Voters in each state had to approve of their new
constitution
Reconstruction Civil Rights Act of
1866, XIV and XV
Civil Rights Act- African-Americans given the right to testify in court, own
land, make contracts and exercise all the rights of white Americans
XIV
1.
All persons born in the United States were naturalized citizens.
2.
States were forbidden from denying a person their rights without due
process of law.
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All citizens were to enjoy equal protection under the law.
4.
States would lose representation in Congress in proportion to the
number of citizens denied the right to vote
5.
Former Confederate officials could not hold office unless pardoned by
2/3 of Congress
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Confederate debts would not be paid
7.
Former slave owners could not sue for the value of lost slaves
XV
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Could not deny anyone the right to vote based on race, color or
previous condition of servitude
Reconstruction
Freedmen’s Bureau, provided food, shelter,
medical aid, 3000 schools and legal help
 Tenure of Office Act 1867, required the
President to get Congressional approval for
removing any Federal official including cabinet
members. Johnson vetoed, Congress
overrode the veto. Johnson removes Stanton,
congress impeaches Johnson
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Election of 1868
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Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant,
party supported black suffrage in the South,
favored radical reconstruction, and
encouraged immigration and naturalization
 Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour, party
supported amnesty for rebels, dismantling of
Radical Reconstruction, supported
naturalization, use of greenbacks to redeem
government bonds
Election of 1868, campaign
Grant- didn’t campaign, theme, “Let us
have peace.” “Bloody Shirt” Democrats
were the party of secession and treason.
Grant, war hero
 Seymour’s VP candidate Francis Blair
campaigned actively
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Election of 1868, Results
Party
Ulysses S.
Grant
Republican
Horatio
Seymour
Democrat
Pop Vote
3,012,833
2,703,249
% Pop Vote
53%
47%
Electoral Vote
214
80
States
26
8
Election of 1872
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Republicans nominated Grant, platform
denounced discrimination, hard money,
expand foreign trade and shipbuilding
 Liberal Republicans nominated Horace
Greeley of NY, denounced the corruption of
the Grant Administration, reform Civil Service,
amnesty to former confederates, one term
presidency, restoration of home rule in the
southern states.
 Democrats endorsed Greeley, failed to
produce their own candidate
Election of 1872, Campaign
Scandal, question over who was better fit
to run the country.
 Greeley died after election day, electoral
votes ended up being distributed to 4
men.
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Election of 1872, Results
Grant
Greeley
Party
Republican
Pop Vote
3,597,070
Liberal
Republican
2,834,079
% Pop Vote
56%
44%
Elect College
286
0 (66)
States
29
6
Grant Administration
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September 24, 1869, Black Friday
James Fisk and Jay Gould try to corner the gold
market, use Grant’s brother-in-law, Abel R. Corbin to
gain influence
Credit Mobilier
Holding company skimmed off the profits of the
federally subsidized Union Pacific Railroad.
When the investors learned that they may be
investigated they sold shares in the company to
members of congress at a substantial discount.
Grant Administration
3. Delinquent Tax Scandal
 Treasury Sec., William Richardson allowed John D.
Sanborn to collect delinquent taxes.
 Sanborn was allowed to keep 50% of the revenue he
collected, which totaled $400,000
4. Whiskey Ring
 Federal officials and hundreds of distillers diverted
millions of dollars in tax revenue into their own
pockets.
 Grant calls on prosecutors to “let no guilty man
escape”. When Orville Babcock is implicated, Grant
steps in, Personal Secretary
Grant Administration
5. Belknap bribery
 War Secretary took kickbacks from traders at Indian
posts. Payments went to his wife then to him.
6. Tweed Ring, $200 million from New York tax payers.
Democratic party boss.
Grant’s administration, marred by scandal
 Grant continued with reconstruction, 1872 dismantled
the Freedmen’s bureau.
 Threatened the use of force against the Ku Klux Klan
 Civil Rights Act of 1875, declared unconstitutional
1883
Election of 1876
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Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes
of Ohio. Platform permanent pacification of the
south, opposed federal subsidies to Catholic
or other sectarian schools, land grants to
railroads or other corporations, vowed to
eradicate polygamy.
 Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden, NY.
Platform promised an honest and efficient
government, tariff reform, restrict Oriental
immigration. Opposed land grants to railroads
Election of 1876, Campaign
Tilden supporters criticized the
Republicans for the corruption of the
Grant administration.
 Hayes supporters waived the Bloody
Shirt
 Grant’s corruption, Tilden’s record
against the Tweed Ring, and white
control of the south should have meant
victory for Tilden, but Colorado (1876)
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Election of 1876, Problems
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Tilden wins popular vote, but the electoral
votes of LA, SC and FL were in confusion, one
electoral vote in Oregon was in dispute.
 Hayes was ahead in SC, but Tilden looked to
be ahead in LA and FL, Republican officials
declared a number of ballots invalid.
 Tilden led 184-166, 1 vote shy of a majority.
 Congress established a 15 man electoral
commission.
Electoral Commission,
Commission
Republican
Democrat
Senators
3
2
Representatives
2
3
Justices
2 (3)
2
Election of 1876, Results
All members voted along party lines,
Hayes elected by one vote. Some
threatened rebellion.
 Compromise of 1877- Hayes agrees to
end the military occupation of the South
and he will bring one Southern Democrat
into his cabinet. Push for a southern
transcontinental railroad.
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Hayes Administration
Civil Service Reform- Hayes wants to
make use of competitive examinations
and wants to prohibit federal employees
from getting involved in political
activities.
Chinese Immigration by 1880 Chinese
were 9% of the Western population,
railroad industry slows, competition for
other work, Americans threatened?