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A NATION
DIVIDED
THE CIVIL WAR
1861-1865
Alabama and the Civil War
Alabama would
contribute military
leaders, cabinet
officials, troops,
munitions and vital
supplies to the
Confederacy during
the Civil War.
On what date did Alabama
secede from the union?
On January 11, 1861 Alabama would become the 4th
state to leave the Union, its secession convention
calling for a meeting of delegates from all Southern
states in what city?
Montgomery- the capital of Alabama
On February 4, 1861 the new provisional government
of the Confederate States of America was organized,
with Montgomery selected as its temporary seat and
who was elected president of the CSA?
Jefferson Davis
Alabama and the Civil War
In one section of northern Alabama, where
antislavery feeling was strong, there was a movement
to form a pro-Union state.
What was one of the counties in Alabama that did not
succeeded from the union at the start of the Civil
War?
Winston County – Was known as the “Free State of
Winston”
Why were some northern Alabamians against
secession?
Northern Alabamians did not depend as much on
cotton and thus held fewer slaves.
Were not threatened by abolitions.
Other areas against secession
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East Tennessee
Rabun County in Georgia
Ozark Mountains in Arkansas
Jones County Mississippi
Western and Central North Carolina
Western counties of Virginia
Turchin’s Raid of Athens
(Athens) Limestone would be
the first county in Alabama
to be invaded by the North.
In the spring of 1862, Union
forces under a Russian-born
Union officer named Ivan
Turchinov (later named
John B. Turchin) captured
Athens, the wealthy county
seat of Limestone County.
Turchin burned homes, robbed, and
committed such chaos and damage that
General Don Carlos Buell of the Union
Army called Turchin’s raid of Athens a case
of undisputed atrocity and Turchin was
court-martialed and sentenced to be
dismissed from the army.
Then for some unexplained reason, the case
was dropped and he was promoted to
brigadier general.
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At the beginning of
hostilities Alabama state
troops would seize forts at
the entrance of Mobile Bay
and the Union arsenal at
Mount Vernon.
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There was no real fighting
in the state early in the
war but in 1862 invading
Federal forces held
sizable areas.
To resist the invasion,
almost every white
Alabamian old enough to
carry a gun enlisted in the
Confederate Army.
Some 2,500 white men
and 10,000 blacks had
already enlisted in the
Union Army.
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Alabama supplied,
most of the iron
used by the
Confederacy, with
an average annual
output of 40,000
tons during the 4
years of the war.
The state would
furnish the
Confederate Army
with some 60-65
regiments of
infantry, 12-15
regiments of
cavalry, and over 20
batteries of artillery.
The South moved the capital from
Montgomery, Alabama to where?
Richmond Virginia
Why was the capital moved to Richmond?
1.
Location might persuade states along the
North-South border to secede.
2.
Virginia had more developed industry than
Alabama.
3.
Richmond’s location near Washington, D.C.
placed it closer to the sites of anticipated
battles easing communication between
Confederate generals in the field and their
government.
Generals from Alabama
LTG James Longstreetmost prominent general
from Alabama. Lee’s most Confederate General James
trusted lieutenant in the
Longstreet
Army of Northern Virginia.
1821 - 1904
James Longstreet was
born on January 8, 1821 in
Edgefield District, South
Carolina, the son Of
planter James and Mary
Ann (Dent) Longstreet. His
father died when James
was twelve. Although he
was born in South
Carolina, Longstreet
considered Georgia his
home.
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“Fighting’ Joe” Wheeler
Took part in more than 500
skirmishes and commanded in
127 battles. Almost constantly
engaged in combat was
wounded 3 times and had 16
horses shot from under him.
Jefferson Davis praised him
by saying “ one of the ablest,
bravest and most skillful of
cavalry commanders.”
At the start of the war in 1861, Wheeler resigned from
the U.S. Army to join the Confederate States Army.
He was ordered to Huntsville, Alabama to take
command of the newly formed 19th Alabama Infantry
Regiment, which he led into battle at Shiloh in April
1862.
Wheeler later transferred to the cavalry and rose to
the rank of Major General. Nicknamed "Fighting Joe",
Wheeler was considered by General Robert E. Lee to
be one of the two most outstanding Confederate
cavalry leaders and saw action in many campaigns,
including opposing William T. Sherman's advance on
Atlanta.
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Nathan Bedford Forrest (July 13,
1821 – October 29, 1877), was a
Confederate general and perhaps
the American Civil War's most
highly regarded cavalry and
partisan ranger (guerrilla leader).
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Forrest is regarded by many
military historians as the war's
most innovative and successful
general. His tactics of mobile
warfare are still studied by
modern soldiers.
After the war, Forrest's reputation
suffered due to allegations of
brutality in the Battle of Fort
Pillow, as well as his role as the
first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux
Klan.
Forrest Takes a Hostage On the last day of Shiloh, Nathan Bedford
Forrest led his men in a reckless charge against Sherman.
Outdistancing his men, he soon found himself surrounded by
Yankee troops.
So, he grabbed a small one to use as a shield while he shot himself
out of trouble.
Other Generals
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BG James H. Clanton
MG Henry DeLamar Clayton
BG W.W. Allen
BG W.F. Perry
BG Danville Leadbetter
BG James T. Holtzclaw
BG George D. Johnston
BG James Cantey
BG Alpheus Baker
BG Young M. Moody
BG Archibald Gracie
BG Z.C Deas
Other important
Alabamians who helped
the Confederacy
Josiah Gorgas
Josiah Gorgas (July 1, 1818 – May 15, 1883) was
one of the few Northern-born Confederate
generals in the American Civil War.
As chief of ordnance, he managed to keep the
Confederate armies supplied with weapons and
ammunition, despite the Union blockade and even
though the South had hardly any munitions
industry before the war began.
He kept diaries during the Civil War, which are
now a popular subject of study for historians.
Emma Sansom
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Emma Sansom (June 2,
1847 – August 9, 1900)
was an Alabama farm girl
noted for her bravery
during the American
Civil War.
Raphael Semmes
Raphael Semmes (September 27, 1809 – August 30, 1877)
was an officer in the United States Navy from 1826 to
1860 and the Confederate States Navy from 1860 to 1865.
During the American Civil War he was captain of the
famous commerce raider CSS Alabama, taking a record
fifty-five prizes. Late in the war he was promoted to
Admiral and also served briefly as a Brigadier General in
the Confederate States Army.
Monitor/Merrimack (Ironclads)
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These ironclad ships could splinter wooden
ships and withstand cannon fire and resist
burning.
General Grant used four ironclad ships when he
captured Ft. Henry and Ft. Donelson.
On March the 9, 1862 the North’s Monitor and
the South’s Merrimack fought a historical duel.
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The engagement, known as the Battle of
Hampton Roads, was part of a Confederate
effort to break the Union blockade of Southern
ports, including Norfolk and Richmond,
Virginia, that had been imposed at the start of
the war.
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR
Northern Aggression
The causes of the war were complex.
1st causeSlavery- abolitionist in the North said that
slavery was wrong and should be abolished.
Today that is true.
Thus led to the fight of slavery begin right or
wrong and even as far as Biblical passages
begin quoted .
The establishment of colonies outside for the
slaves.
2nd causeSectionalism- This was a war between
sections (North) the national government
and the (South).
All started when the Northern sections
won control of the Congress and the
presidency.
The South felt threatened.
Started also over the West as well when a
new state came in either as a slave or free
state.
3rd causeCame from the different economic
interests of the North and the South.
Owners of factories and banks in the
Northeast favored economic measures
which were strongly opposed by the
Southern farmers.
Example the tariff the national banking
system placed on farmers.
It was totally different from those on
manufacturers.
4th causeThis was a difference in theory as to the
nature of our constitutional system.
The Union had not created the states but
the states had created the Union.
So the Southern states felt they had a right
to leave the Union.
Northern states argued that states could
not secede.
“Whatever may be
the result of the
contest, I foresee
that the country
will have to pass
through a terrible
ordeal… for our
national sins.”
Facts about the Civil War
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38 Union Generals Born in the South
33 Southern Generals Born in the North
11 Confederate States
19 loyal states in 1861
16 major officers whose families were
divided by the war
23 West Point classmates fought in the
war.
10 year old youngest to be in war-Johnny
Clem of Newark, Ohio Drummer Boy
Choosing Sides
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Many Northerners and
Southerners had to choose which
side they would join.
Eventually 313 officers or about
1/3 of the total Army at the time
resigned to join the Confederacy.
These officers enabled the South
to organize and effective fighting
force quickly, as did the strong
military traditions in the South.
In the 1860 the United States had
eight military colleges in the South
so the South had a large number of
trained officers.
The idol of the South to this day,
Virginian Robert E. Lee had some
difficulty in adjusting to the new
form of warfare that unfolded with
the Civil war, but this did not prevent
him from keeping the Union armies
in Virginia at bay for almost three
years.
West Point and graduated second in
his class. During his four years at the
military academy he did not earn a
single demerit and served as the
cadet corps' adjutant.
Upon his 1829 graduation he was
posted to the engineers.
What were the
Advantages and Disadvantages
North
South
North Advantage’s
4
times as many citizens.
 Had more people to grow food and
work in factories.
 Had more than 70% of the railroads.
 Had a strong navy and a large fleet of
private trading ships.
North’s Disadvantage’s
 Northern
soldiers had to
conquer a huge area to bring
the South back into the Union.
 They were invading unfamiliar
land.
South’s Advantage
 Defending
their homeland gave
them a strong reason to fight.
 Had skills that made them good
soldiers
 Many of the best officers in the
United States were from the South
South’s Disadvantage’s
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Had few factories to produce weapons, railroad
tracts, and other supplies.
Had few railroads to move troops and vital
supplies .
The South had a small population, about 9
million. lived in the Confederacy and 22 million
in the Union.
More than 1/3rd of the population was enslaved;
therefore they had fewer people that could be
soldiers.
Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson
Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson was a Confederate General during the Civil
War.
He is most famous for the Valley Campaign
of 1862 and as a corps commander in the
Army of Virginia under General Robert E.
Lee.
His own troops accidentally shot him at the
Battle of Chancellorsville and he died of
complications from an amputated arm and
pneumonia several days later.
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First Bull Run
Jackson rose to prominence and
earned his nickname at the First
Battle of Bull Run (known by
Southerners as First Manassas) in
July 1861. As the Confederate
lines began to crumble under
heavy Union assault, Jackson's
brigade provided crucial
reinforcements on Henry House
Hill. Brig. Gen. Barnard Elliott
Bee, Jr., exhorted his own troops
to reform by shouting, "There
stands Jackson like a stone wall.
Rally behind the Virginians!"
There is some controversy over
Bee's statement and intent.
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General Irwin McDowell
Civil War actions at
Bull Run twice
almost brought the
military career of
Irvin McDowell to
an inglorious end.
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Battle Of Manassas/Bull Run
During the summer of 1861, Confederate
troop were camping along a stream
named Bull Run near Manassas
Junction, Virginia.
On July 21, 1861, Union General Irwin
McDowell moved 31,000 troops across
Bull Run.
At first he was successful in pushing
back the Confederate troops, but then
they encountered General Thomas
Jackson and a group of Virginia soldiers.
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His soldiers were inspired by his
leadership and also held their
ground.
The Union soldiers fought well at
first, but the Confederate troops were
better organized and defeated them.
This was the first battle of the Civil
War.
Bull Run was located near
Manassas, Virginia, a town about 25
miles west of Washington.
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Hundreds of people had traveled on
horseback and in carriages to watch
the Union troops defeat the
Confederacy.
When the Union troops retreated
toward Washington, they ran into
hundreds of onlookers.
Soon panic stricken soldiers and
civilians started running together,
and they stopped only when they
reached the Potomac River.
The Attack on Fort Sumter
(April 12-13, 1861)
Pierre Gustave Toutant de
Beauregard (BO-rih-gahrd) (May
28, 1818 – February 20, 1893),
best known as a general for the
Confederate Army during the
American Civil War, was also a
writer, civil servant, and inventor.
He was the first prominent
Confederate general, commanding
the defenses of Charleston, South
Carolina, for the Battle of Fort
Sumter, and was the victor at the
First Battle of Bull Run.
Major Robert Anderson
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April 18, 1861--10.30 a.m.
Having defended Fort Sumter
for thirty-four hours.
Anderson accepted terms of
evacuation offered by General
Beauregard.
Dixie
I wish I was in the land of cotton,
old times there are not forgotten,
Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land.
In Dixie land where I was born in, early on a frosty mornin',
Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land. Chorus:
Then I wish I was in Dixie, hooray! Hooray!
In Dixie land I'll take my stand, to live and die in Dixie,
Away, away, away down south in Dixie,
Away, away, away down south in Dixie.
Old Missus marry Will de Weaber, Will-yum was a gay deceaber,
Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land.
But when he put his arm around her,
smiled as fierce as a forty pounder.
Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land. (Chorus)
Dars buckwheat cakes an' ingen batter, makes you fat or a little fatter,
Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land.
Den hoe it down and scratch your grabble to Dixie's land
I'm bound to travel,
Look away, look away, look away Dixie land. (Chorus)
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Dixie", also known as "I Wish I Was in
Dixie", "Dixie's Land", and by other titles, is
a popular American song.
It is one of the most distinctively American
musical products of the 19th century, and
probably the best-known song to have come out
of blackface minstrel.
Although not a folk song at its creation, "Dixie"
has since entered the American folk vernacular.
The song likely cemented the word "Dixie" in the
American vocabulary as a synonym for the
Southern States.
Most sources credit Ohio-born
Daniel Decatur Emmett with
the song's composition;
however many other people
have claimed to have
composed "Dixie", even
during Emmett's lifetime.
Compounding the problem of
definitively establishing the
song's authorship are Emmett's
own confused accounts of its
writing, and his tardiness in
having "Dixie" copyrighted.
The Battle Hymn of the Republic
The Battle Hymn of the Republic" is a patriotic
anthem, written by Julia Ward Howe, that was made
popular during the American Civil War.
The original words and music were written in 1853 by
South Carolinian William Steffe.
It was alternately called "Canaan's Happy Shore" or
"Brothers, Will You Meet Me?" and was sung as a
campfire spiritual.
The tune spread across the United States, taking on
many sets of new lyrics.
What is a bounty and who used the
idea?
A sum of money given as a bonus
to individuals who promised 3
years of military service.
Union Idea.
Do we give bounties today?
Naval War
What did the Navy do to stop the South
from transporting goods and soldiers on the
waterway?
Blockades
How did the South get by the blockades?
Blockade runners what were they?
Faster and smaller vessels.
When did they perform these missions?
At night
David G. Farragut Union Naval
Commander
David Glasgow Farragut (July
5, 1801 – August 14, 1870) was
the senior officer of the U.S.
Navy during the American
Civil War. He was the first
rear admiral, vice admiral,
and full admiral of the Navy.
He is remembered in popular
culture for his famous order at
the Battle of Mobile Bay.
War in the West
Western Theater in early 1862
██ Confederate ██ Union
Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant,
April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American
general and politician who was elected as the
18th President of the United States(1869–1877).
He achieved international fame as the leading
Union general in the Civil War.
After service in the Mexican-American War,
an undistinguished peacetime military career,
and a series of unsuccessful civilian jobs,
Grant proved highly successful in training
new recruits in 1861. His capture of Fort
Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862
marked the first major Union victories of the
Civil War and opened up prime avenues of
invasion to the South. Surprised and nearly
defeated at Shiloh (April 1862), he fought
back and took control of most of western
Kentucky and Tennessee
His great achievement in 1862-63 was to
seize control of the Mississippi River by
defeating a series of uncoordinated
Confederate armies and by capturing
Vicksburg in July 1863. After a victory at
Chattanooga in late 1863, Abraham Lincoln
made him general-in-chief of all Union
armies.
Battle of Shiloh
April 6 - 7, 1862
There will be no fighting at Pittsburgh Landing; we will have to go to Corinth"
-- Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant, USA
Isn't it strange that a battle as bloody as the
battle at Shiloh would begin on a Sunday
morning and be named for a country church
near the battlefield.
The Union soldiers weren't prepared for the
charge of their Confederate brothers.
Many of the Union troops were untrained and
undisciplined, but as in so many battles of war,
mundane events served to alter the future.
Confederate Losses
Union Losses
Killed
1,732
Killed
1,754
Wounded
8,012
Wounded
8,408
Captured/Missing
2,885
Captured/Missing
959
April 6 – April 7, 1862
Location Hardin County, Tennessee
Result Union Victory
Commanders
Ulysses S. Grant
Don Carlos Buell
Albert Sidney Johnston
P.G.T. Beauregard
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Strength Army of West Tennessee (48,894)
and
Army of the Ohio (17,918)
Army of Mississippi (44,699)
Casualties13,047 (1,754 killed, 8,408
wounded, 2,885 captured/missing)
10,694 (1,723 killed, 8,012 wounded,
959 captured/missing)
Vicksburg Mississippi
Civil War
May 18-July 4, 1863
Confederate troops surrendered Vicksburg on
July 4, 1863 a crucial port and rail depot for the
South was lost.
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In a series of brilliant
maneuvers, Union Major
General Ulysses S. Grant and
his Army of the Tennessee
crossed the Mississippi River
and drove the Confederate
army of Lieutenant General
John C. Pemberton into
defensive lines surrounding
the fortress city of Vicksburg,
Mississippi.
Grant besieged the city, which
surrendered six weeks later,
yielding command of the
Mississippi River to the
Union.
Battle of Franklin
Campaign: Franklin-Nashville Campaign (1864)
 Date(s): November 30, 1864
 Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. John M.
Schofield [US]; Gen. John B. Hood [CS]
 Forces Engaged: IV and XXIII Army Corps (Army
of the Ohio and Cumberland) [US]; Army of
Tennessee [CS]
 Estimated Casualties: 8,587 total (US 2,326; CS
6,261)
Result(s): Union victory
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Battle of Murfreesboro
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Other Names: Wilkinson Pike, Cedars
Location: Rutherford County
Campaign: Franklin-Nashville Campaign (1864)
Date(s): December 5-7, 1864
Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. Lovell H.
Rousseau and Brig. Gen. Robert Milroy [US]; Maj.
Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest [CS]
Forces Engaged: District of Tennessee (forces in
Murfreesboro area; approx. 8,000) [US]; Forrest’s
Cavalry, Bate's Infantry Division, and Brig. Gen.
Claudius Sears’s and Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Palmer’s
Infantry Brigades (6,500-7,000) [CS]
Estimated Casualties: 422 total (US 225; CS 197)
War in the East
Seven Days’
Battle
Confederate victory
The Seven Days Battles was a series of six major
battles over the seven days from June 25 to July 1,
1862, near Richmond, Virginia, in the American Civil
War. Confederate General Robert E. Lee drove the
invading Union Army of the Potomac, commanded
by Major General George B. McClellan, away from
Richmond and into a retreat down the Virginia
Peninsula. The series of battles is sometimes known
erroneously as the Seven Days Campaign, but it
was actually the culmination of the Peninsula
Campaign, not a separate campaign in its own right.
Second Battle of Bull Run
Confederate victory
The Second Battle of Bull Run, or
the Second Battle of Manassas, was
waged between August 28 and
August 30, 1862, as part of the
American Civil War.
It was the culmination of an
offensive campaign waged by
Confederate General Robert E. Lee's
Army of Northern Virginia against
Union Major General John Pope's
Army of Virginia, and a battle of
much larger scale and numbers
than the First Battle of Bull Run.
Bloodiest One Battle
The Battle of Antietam
(also known as the
Battle of Sharpsburg,
particularly in the
South), fought on
September 17, 1862,
near Sharpsburg,
Maryland and Antietam
Creek, as part of the
Maryland Campaign,
was the first major
battle in the American
Civil War to take place
on Northern soil. It
was the bloodiest
single-day battle in
American history, with
almost 23,000
casualties.
Commanders
George B. McClellan Robert E. Lee
Casualties
12,401 (2,108 killed, 9,540 10,316 (1,546
wounded, 753
killed,
captured/missing)
7,752
wounded,
1,018
captured/m
issing)
Emancipation Proclamation
Nevertheless, Lee's invasion of Maryland was
ended and he was able to withdraw his army
back to Virginia without interference from the
cautious McClellan.
Although the battle was tactically inconclusive, it
had unique significance as enough of a victory to
give President Abraham Lincoln the confidence
to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.
What is the Emancipation Proclamation?
Army Life in the
Civil War
Housing
Camps were
packed with tents
housing 5 or 6
men. This is a
Federal, or Union,
encampment at
Cumberland
Landing, Virginia
Log cabins were used
in winter months to
provide insulation
from the cold. This
picture shows
Confederate winter
quarters at
Centreville, Virginia
The Union army also
used log cabins in
winter months.
Chimneys would be
built for a fire to keep
warm. The picture
shows an officers'
winter quarters at the
Army of the Potomac
headquarters .
Cooking and Eating
Most cooking
occurred on an
outdoor fire. In the
early days of the war
freed slaves were not
allowed to carry a rifle
and fight. They were
often given the role of
cook or other similar
jobs. This picture
shows an African
American army cook
at work
Food And Rations In The Civil War
Contrary to popular thinking, the average
soldier in the Civil War seldom went
hungry. True, he did not always have
fresh vegetables, fresh eggs, roast beef,
baked potatoes, and soft bread, but he did
not starve. Late in the war the
Confederates often did without many
meals, but this was late in the war.
The basic rations of both
armies consisted of four
items. These were
hardbread, beef, beans
and coffee
Hardbread- Hardtack, It was little more than flour
and water. Still it was the second basic food of both
the North and the South. Beans. The next basic food.
Not the canned Boston baked beans we know today,
but dried, white navy beans. Generally they were
soaked overnight if at all possible, in fact, they were
cooked overnight if at all possible. In half raw form
they are something to remind one of the "Georgia
Militia" verse of Goober Peas. Fifteen pounds of peas
or beans were issued with every hundred rations to
troops in garrison.
Beef. The third staple of all troops. Generally, by the
time they got it, it had been salted, but with any major
troop movement, there was always a herd of cattle
driven along with it, by hired drovers or by the soldiers
themselves. In this way the beeves could be
slaughtered as they were needed. Unfortunately, it was
not always possible to have fresh beef along, so salt
beef or salt pork was used. The hit or miss methods
used by many army meat contractors - meat purveyors
- did little to enhance their prestige, and did a whole
lot to increase the burden of medical orderlies and
regimental surgeons. How many men became ill or
died from eating bad beef will never be known, but it
is an established fact that there were a lot more
casualties from illness than from enemy action.
Coffee. There is not record of exactly what
type of coffee was issued to the Northern
troops. Neither the Library of Congress nor
Official Records give any clue, other than the
fact that the North bought the very best
coffee it could buy. The South bought
anything it could buy. Coffee was really more
important to the average soldier than
anything else he could beg, borrow, or steal.
It got him up in the morning and put him to
bed at night.
The Civil War is said to be the
first true modern war.
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This conflict brought forth the use of the first
air force (hot air balloons) and machine guns
(the rarely used Gatling gun).
The War was also the first to be reported and
presented with photography.
In addition, it was the first total war, meaning
war was not only inflicted on soldiers, but
civilians, land and cities as well.
Women of the Civil War
More important than, perhaps, any
characteristics is the role that women
played in this terrible four year conflict.
Unlike any war prior,
women played an
enormous part in the
family and home life
of soldiers, and they
had a significant
hand in how the War
progressed and
eventually ended.
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With the men running off left and right to
sign up for the cause, women were left
behind to carry out the man's duties at
home.
As the War progressed, many women of
the South had to take on the work of the
slaves who had either been freed, or run
away.
Women saw the War as an
opportunity to be leaders
in the fight for abolition
and equality. Elizabeth
Cady Stanton and Susan
B. Anthony were
organizers of the National
Women's Loyalty League
which called for a
constitutional amendment
to end slavery.
They fought for the woman's right to vote, argued
against differences in pay between men and
women in manufacturing jobs, and fought for the
absolute right to be nurses in the effort to ease the
pain that this War was inflicting.
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In addition to all this, women went as
far as to be spies and soldiers for both
sides.
Knowing that women were not able by
law to enlist as soldiers, some
disguised themselves as men and
served in both the Union and
Confederate Armies.
Other women decided that being
a spy was the best way to serve,
and there were dozens of
Southern, female spies in
Washington, DC. as well as one
Northerner being in the
Confederate White House.
The United States
Sanitary Commission,
organized by the women
of the North, ran kitchens,
distributed medical
supplies and inspected
army camps to insure a
standard of cleanliness.
Also Elizabeth Blackwell
became first female
physician.
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Probably the most significant role of
women was nursing.
Thousands of women at the War's outset
left their homes to take care of dying
soldiers.
At first, many men were angered by this
new role, and felt that it was unlady-like
for women to care for naked and enlisted
men
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Over 3,000 Union women
became unpaid nurses
during the conflict, and
Dorthea Dix, appointed head
of the nursing corps, went
unpaid for the entire four
years at her post.
Southern nurses were equally as vital
to their cause setting up the largest,
most efficient hospital on either side
in Richmond, Virginia.
Kate Cummins of Alabama served as
a nurse following the Battle of Shiloh.
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It was the women, however, who were the
lifelines of the Union and Confederacy.
It was the women who tended the
wounded tirelessly, ensured sanitary
conditions and fought for causes that men
were unable and possibly unwilling to
fight for.
The women's role in the Civil War is just
as significant as the man's.
Woman Spies in the Civil War: Belle
Boyd
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Belle was one of the best
Confederacy Woman Spies.
She spied for the Confederacy
by caring important letters
and papers across the enemy
lines. She served in
Shenandoah Valley. Belle
Boyd was born in
Martinsburg which is now a
part of West Virginia.
Elizabeth Van Lew
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Elizabeth was different
from the other woman
spies because she used
neither charm nor beauty
to get her military
information. Instead she
used other techniques to
get what she wanted.
Elizabeth was asked to be allowed
to visit Union prisoners held by the
Confederates in Richmond and
began taking them cloths, food,
and medicines. While she was there
she realized that many of the
prisoners had been on the
Confederate lines so they had really
valuable information about the
movements. Elizabeth began her
spying in the North for the next
four years, she was setting up
networks of couriers and making
up codes. For all of her hard work
she was made Postmaster of
Richmond by General Grant.
"Wild Rose", as she was called from a young age,
was a leader in Washington society, a passionate
secessionist, and one of the most renowned spies
in the Civil War. Among her accomplishments
was the secret message she sent to General Pierre
G.T. Beauregard which ultimately caused him to
win the battle of Bull Run. She spied so
successfully for the Confederacy that Jefferson
Davis credited her with winning the battle of
Manassas.
Rose O'Neal Greenhow
Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1 – July 3,
1863), fought in and around the town of
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as part of the
Gettysburg Campaign, was the bloodiest
battle of the American Civil War and is
frequently cited as the war's turning
point. Union Major General George G.
Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated
attacks by Confederate General Robert E.
Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending
Lee's invasion of the North.
Date July 1 – July 3, 1863
Location Adams County, Pennsylvania
Result Union victory
Combatants United States of America (Union)
Confederate States of America
Commanders George G. Meade Robert E. Lee
Strength: Union 93,921 Confederate 71,699
Casualties Union 23,055 (3,155 killed, 14,531
wounded, 5,369 captured/missing)
Confederate 22,231 (4,708 killed, 12,693 wounded,
5,830 captured/missing)
On the third day of battle, July 3, fighting
resumed on Culp's Hill and cavalry battles
raged to the east and south, but the main
event was a dramatic infantry assault by
15,000 (lost 7,000 in ½ hour) Confederates
against the center of the Union line on
Cemetery Ridge. Pickett’s Charge was
repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire at
great losses to the Confederate army. Lee led
his army on a torturous retreat back to
Virginia. Between 46,000 and 51,000
Americans were casualties in the
three-day battle.
"The Harvest of Death": Union dead on the battlefield at
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, photographed July 5 or July 6, 1863,
Unfinished Confederate grave near the center of battle-field of Gettysburg
Sherman's March to the Sea
Sherman's March to the
Sea is the name commonly
given to the Savannah
Campaign, conducted in late
1864 by Major General
William Tecumseh Sherman
of the Union Army during the
American Civil War. The
campaign began with General
Sherman's troops leaving the
captured city of Atlanta,
Georgia, on November 15,
1864, and ended with the
capture of the port of
Savannah on December 22.

Sherman's March to the Sea followed his successful
Atlanta Campaign of May to September 1864. He and
U.S. Army commander Ulysses S. Grant believed that
the Civil War would end only if the Confederacy's
strategic, economic, and psychological capacity for
warfare were decisively broken.
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Sherman therefore applied the principles
of scorched earth, ordering his troops to
burn crops, kill livestock, consume
supplies, and destroy civilian
infrastructure along their path.
This policy is often also referred to as
total war. The recent reelection of
President Abraham Lincoln ensured that
short-term political pressure would not be
applied to restrain these tactics.
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The campaign was designed
to be similar to Grant's
innovative and successful
Vicksburg Campaign, in that
Sherman's armies would
reduce their need for
traditional supply lines by
"living off the land" after
their 20 days of rations were
consumed.
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Foragers, known as "bummers", would
provide food seized from local farms
for the Army while they destroyed the
railroads and the manufacturing and
agricultural infrastructure of the state.
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The twisted and
broken railroad rails
that the troops
wrapped around tree
trunks and left behind
became known as
"Sherman's neckties".
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Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln, "I
beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of
Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns and
plenty of ammunition, also about twenty-five
thousand bales of cotton."
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Sherman's scorched earth policies has always
been highly controversial, and Sherman's
memory has long been reviled by many natives
of Georgia, but slaves, many of whom left their
plantations to follow his armies, welcomed him
as a liberator.
The March to the Sea is considered by many
historians to have demonstrated Sherman's
superb command of military strategy, and his
commitment to destroying the Confederacy's
ability to wage further war may well have
hastened the end of the conflict.
The Surrender At Appomattox Court
House
April 9,1865
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On April 9, 1865 after four years of Civil War,
approximately 630,000 deaths and over 1 million
casualties, General Robert E. Lee surrendered
the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to
Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, at the
home of Wilmer and Virginia McLean in the
town of Appomattox Court House , Virginia.
General Lee arrived at the Mclean home shortly
after 1:00 p.m. followed a half hour later by
General Grant.
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The meeting lasted approximately an
hour and a half.
The surrender of the Army of Northern
Virginia allowed the Federal Government
to bring increased pressure to bear in
other parts of the south and would result
in the surrender of the remaining field
armies of the Confederacy over the next
few months.
Abraham Lincoln Assassination
John Wilkes Booth
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Lincoln's assassination
was part of a wider plot
planned by John Wilkes
Booth and his coconspirators.
In addition to Booth's
act, his henchmen
planned to assassinate
Vice President Andrew
Johnson and Secretary
of State William
Seward.

On the evening of April 14, 1865, while attending a
special performance of the comedy, "Our American
Cousin," President Abraham Lincoln was shot.
Accompanying him at Ford's Theater that night
were his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, a twenty-eight
year-old officer named Major Henry R. Rathbone,
and Rathbone's fiancee, Clara Harris. After the play
was in progress, a figure with a drawn derringer
pistol stepped into the presidential box, aimed, and
fired. The president slumped forward.
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The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, dropped
the pistol and waved a dagger.
Rathbone lunged at him, and though slashed
in the arm, forced the killer to the railing.
Booth leapt from the balcony and caught the
spur of his left boot on a flag draped over the
rail, and shattered a bone in his leg on
landing.
Though injured, he rushed out the back
door, and disappeared into the night on
horseback.
A doctor in the audience immediately went
upstairs to the box.
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The bullet had entered through Lincoln's
left ear and lodged behind his right eye.
He was paralyzed and barely breathing.
He was carried across Tenth Street, to a
boarding-house opposite the theater, but the
doctors' best efforts failed.
Nine hours later, at 7:22 AM on April 15th,
Lincoln died.
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While the plan to assassinate the
vice president was never carried out,
Seward was attacked at his home.
Four conspirators were hung for
their crimes, and Booth was shot to
death by an officer who discovered
him nearly two weeks after
Lincoln's assassination.
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At almost the same moment Booth fired the fatal
shot, his accomplice, Lewis Paine, attacked
Lincoln's Secretary of State, William Henry
Seward.
Seward lay in bed, recovering from a carriage
accident. Paine entered the mansion, claiming to
have a delivery of medicine from the Secretary's
doctor.
Seward's son, Frederick, was brutally beaten
while trying to keep Paine from his father's door.
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Paine slashed the Secretary's throat twice,
then fought his way past Seward's son
Augustus, an attending hospital corps
veteran, and a State Department messenger.
Paine escaped into the night, believing his
deed complete.
However, a metal surgical collar saved
Seward from certain death.
The Secretary lived another seven years,
during which he retained his seat with the
Johnson administration, and purchased
Alaska from Russia in 1867.
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There were at least four conspirators in
addition to Booth involved in the
mayhem.
Booth was shot and captured while hiding
in a barn near Bowling Green, Virginia,
and died later the same day, April 26,
1865.
Four co-conspirators, Paine, George
Atzerodt, David Herold, and Mary
Surratt, were hanged at the gallows of the
Old Penitentiary, on the site of presentday Fort McNair, on July 7, 1865.
Others involved in Lincoln’s
Assassination
Test Review
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Given as a reward to encourage people to enlist in the
army.
BOUNTY
_________ is a ship that runs through blockades
usually to smuggle goods into a protected area.
BLOCKADE RUNNER
_____ was the paper money known for its color.
GREENBACKS
Destroying the rail lines by heating them an twisting
them.
Sherman’s Neckties
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The Confederacy decided to send ___
from Louisiana to France to represent the
South.
JOHN SLIDELL
___ is a persons right not to be
imprisoned unless charged with a crime
and given a trial.
HABEAS CORPUS
___ is when a person is required to enter
the military.
CONSCRIPITION
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____ was one of the best officers in the
U.S. Army was offered the command of
the Union Army but turned it down.
ROBERT E. LEE
____ was the name given to Peace
Democrats by the Republicans.
COPPERHEADS
The Confederacy decided to send ___
from Virginia to Britain to represent the
South.
JAMES MASON
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____ was among Alabama’s most
prominent generals. Served as U.S. Grant’s
minister to Turkey.
JAMES LONGSTREET
___ was the place in Alabama where the
last major battle of the Civil War took
place.
FT. BLAKELY
___ was made chief of ordnance for the
Confederacy.
JOSIAH GORGAS
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Famous Confederate general from Alabama that
took part in more than 500 skirmishes and
commanded in 127 battles.
JOE WHEELER
Weapons and ammunitions for war.
MUNITIONS
___ was celebrated hero of the Confederate
Navy from Alabama.
RAPHAEL SEMMES
Who was the general that would burn everything
from Atlanta to Savannah?
WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN
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Lincoln was assassinated at ___.
FORD’S THEATER
____ assassinated President Lincoln.
JOHN WILKES BOOTH
___ would win the victories at Vicksburg and
Chattanooga and led to him becoming the commander of
the Union Army.
ULYSSES S. GRANT
Which Southern Soldiers were nicknamed the Yaller
Hammers?
ALABAMA
The path of destruction through Georgia by the Union
was called what?
SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA
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Became the most effective commander in
the Confederate Army. Was shot by his
men accidentally.
STONEWALL JACKSON
Calvary Men in the South were known as
the __.
BUTTERMILK RANGERS
The first African American Regiment.
54th MASSACHUSETTS
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___ was the Commander of the Union
Navy and would capture New Orleans.
DAVID FARRAGUT
__ left her job in the patent office to
serve as a nurse on the battlefield.
CLARA BARTON
The battle where more than 20,000
troops were killed or wounded.
SHILOH
Became the 18th President of the U.S.
Ulysses S. Grant
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A military blockade of a city or fortified
place to force it to surrender.
SIEGE
The first female physician in the United
States.
ELIZABETH BLACKWELL
Which county in the state of Alabama
was against the state seceding?
WINSTON (FREE STATE OF WINSTON)
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The military operation which would slowly cutoff the
South’s means of support with the use of blockades
cutting off supply routes.
ANACONDA PLAN
Would ban slavery in the United States.
13th ADMENDMENT
Famous Confederate prison in Southwest Georgia.
Andersonville
Who was the last Commander of the Union Army?
Ulysses S. Grant
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The __ was a decree that freed all
enslaved people in the states at war with
the Union.
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
___ was the Commander of the
Andersonville prison was the only person
executed for war crimes in the Civil War.
HENRY WIRZ
What was the two famous ironclads of the
Civil War?
Monitor/Merrimack
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___ is a hard biscuit made of wheat flour.
HARDTACK
The first state to secede from the Union was ___.
SOUTH CAROLINA
____ was the Union commander at the battle of fort
Sumter.
MAJOR ROBERT ANDERSON
____ was the Confederate commander at the battle of
Fort Sumter.
P.G.T BEAUREGARD
What was the first capital of the Confederacy?
Montgomery, Alabama
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___ was the bloodiest one-day battle of the Civil War.
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
____ was the battle where Stonewall Jackson got his
nickname.
FIRST BULL RUN
___ was the President of the Confederate States of
America.
JEFFERSON DAVIS
What was the turning point of the Civil War?
Gettysburg
A gruesome massacre in Tennessee, in 1864.
Fort Pillow
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____ was the place where Robert E. Lee
would surrender to Ulysses S. Grant on
April 9, 1865.
APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE
On July 3, 1863 Lee ordered this general
to take his 15,000 troops to lead an attack
across open farmland toward a ridge
where the union forces stood. He would
lose 7,000 troops in ½ hour. This was
called what?
PICKETT’S CHARGE
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____ would be the first county in Alabama to be
invaded.
Limestone
The Union Colonel who pillaged and burned
Athens.
John B. Turchin
The song written by Daniel Emmett.
Dixie
Civil War erupted on April 12, 1861 when the
Confederate Army attacked a Federal fort in
Charleston Harbor.
Ft. Sumter
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The battle at Shiloh is also called what?
Pittsburg Landing
___ was the song associated with the
North.
Battle Hymn of Republic
Most Civil War battles were fought in what
state?
Virginia
Who was the youngest person to serve in
the Civil War?
Johnny Clem
TEST TIME