Transcript Curriculum
Subject Centered Teacher Centered Student Centered 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All teacher-centered experiences of curriculum Some Subject-centered experiences Some student-centered experiences An optimal blend of these varieties A blend that had little rhyme or reason to recommend it 20 % 20 % 20 % 20 % All teacher-cente... Some student-cent... A blend that had ... 20 % Some Subject-cent... An optimal blend ... Curriculum is something determined by experts and authorities. There is no right curriculum. Curriculum should reflect the real world, be practical, of use. There are many curricula we can learn and negotiate 48% y m an sh Th er e ar e m ul u ur ric C rr i.. . cu be ou ld ht ” “r ig no is er e Th ... ... cu ... er ts /E xp s 4. 12% 10% rit ie 3. 30% ut ho 2. Authorities /Experts Determine There is no “right” curriculum Curriculum should be the “real world” There are many curricula we can learn A 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. Curriculum is all of the experiences children have under the guidance of teachers. Curriculum encompasses all learning opportunities provided by school. Curriculum is a plan for all experiences which the learner encounters in school. Curriculum is subject to perspectives, debate, change Discipline – an area of study, with its own particular rules and expectations. E.G., the discipline of Economics, or History Discourse – a system of statements that provide rules of information and sets of practices within a social milieu (Grant & Gillette, 2006). E.G. “discourse of free-market capitalism.” Theory– an argument about how to think about a discipline or a discourse. Thinking about the Nature of our thinking – “metacognition.” E.G. Theory of the novel, or Theory of Evolution, or Marxist Theory of History A teacher in a public school is an employee of the district, which is an educational entity of the state. It is the province (board of education) which has ultimate responsibility over the curriculum. “I view curriculum as a particular, historically formed knowledge that inscribes rules and standards by which we ‘reason’ about the world and our ‘self’ as a productive member of that world.” “Curriculum is a disciplining technology that directs how the individual is to act, feel, talk, and ‘see’ the world and the ‘self.’ As such, curriculum is a form of social regulation.” Expert knowledge shapes our thinking about much in our daily life. We think of it as “natural” but it is not…it is built from expert systems of thinking. We assume expert knowledge to be true. f.. . ... e gi v in ns es se y M m e th e ts i ou tr ut h er e Th be is It is lo w ze ro lo v nd fr ie y M de m e es a. .. s ol ve re v 5. 10% rt h 4. 20% 18% 16% ea 3. e 2. The earth revolves around the sun My friend loves me It is below zero outside There is truth in the world My senses give me factual information Th 1. 36% Nothing new…in 1909 E.L. Thorndike developed handwriting standards measuring students’ penmanship performance Standards consider content and performance and remove the need for teachers to guess or make inferences about what students need to know Content standards specify what students should know and be able to do Performance standards specify the evidence needed to demonstrate achievement Tendency toward conservative visions of back to basics since 1983 A Nation at Risk Report Tendency toward internationalism in curricular thinking “Although most educators…argue that these standards are not the curriculum, standards do suggest the learning experience and opportunities that students should have under the guidance of the teachers.” “…for many teachers, the standards have become the fusion of teachers’ public, professional, and personal knowledge that disciplines their choices and possibilities, and must therefore be thought of as the effects of power.” The overt curriculum is the open, or public, dimension and includes current and historical interpretations, learning experiences, and learning outcomes. Openly discussed, consciously planned, usually written down, presented through the instructional process Textbooks, learning kits, lesson plans, school plays etc. Provides students with science, history, math, literature Provides students with the knowledge society wants them to have…beyond the academics Social Responsibility…the overt curriculum should be “society’s messenger” (Benjamin Franklin) In the 1600s…for religious purposes…Old Deluder Satan laws (1642) In order to organize what students should learn and teachers should teach, The New England Primer was published (1690) In the late 1700s and 1800s, Americanization 1900’s Progressivism for Democracy in reforms founded on thinking of John Dewey E.D. Hirsch, Cultural Literacy The processes…the “noise” by which the overt curriculum is transmitted “they are also learning and modifying attitudes, motives, and values in relationship to the experiences…in the classroom.” The nonacademic outcomes of formal education are sometimes of greater consequence…than is learning the subject matter…. Notions of truth, ways of thinking, unstated implications Appraisals of self-worth Social Roles Middle-Class Perspectives Attitudes and Behavior Required for Work 1. 2. 3. 4. As As As As an “A” kind of person a future leader in my field a hard worker a solid middle class member Colonial – moral education 19th Century – “Americanization” Early 20th …The Scopes trial…before Scopes, religious faith was the common, if not universal, premise of American thought; after Scopes, scientific skepticism prevailed. A Nation at Risk (1983) return to the “basics” When a topic is never taught: “too unimportant…” “too controversial…” “too inappropriate…” “not worth the time…” “not essential…” Beneficial to self-esteem Improved race relations Higher SAT scores, grades Better health for females, gender stereotypes undermined Higher career aspirations …our arguments over curriculum are also our arguments over who we are as Americans, including how we wish to represent ourselves to our children The Canon…defining what is central and what is marginal Societal level…politicians, special committees, experts Institutional level…set at the school, district, college…usually set along subject matter disciplines Instructional level…teacher planning and teaching students Ideological level…learning theorists and subject matter specialists Textbook adoption states Effects Economies of scale Censorship “Mentioning Effect…” Inauthentic text Timeliness Content Standards ◦ Whose content? ◦ Traditional versus Progressive ◦ Today…debate over Scientifically Based Practices in education. Annual Testing Academic Improvement Report Cards Faculty Qualifications AYP “Underperforming” by measurements Students and parents offered options Consequent Loss of Funding Browse State Website? 1. 2. 3. 4. Desirable, as they create accountability A mistake, they don’t measure real learning Positive for unifying educational experience Divisive and not representative of different groups’ experiences 25 % 25 % 25 % 25 % Desirable, as the... A mistake, they d... Positive for unif... Divisive and not ... Individuals lost in sea of tests Learning as exploration, creativity stifled Use of threats and bribery counter to ethical education. Shifting emphasis from real issues to surface issues Detract from teacher autonomy Creationism versus Evolution Core Knowledge, the Canon, versus Multiculturalism Multiple Intelligences Critical Thinking Skills Metacognition Critical Pedagogy (and literacy)