Transcript Perceptions
2: Inter-Act, th 13 Edition Perceptions 1 Social Perception Also known as “cognitive perception,” it is the set of processes by which people perceive themselves and others. 2 Perception The process of selectively attending to, organizing, and interpreting the information that we receive through our senses 3 Attention & Selection Organization Interpretation 4 Attention and Selection Selection is determined by: 1. Our needs 2. Our interests 3. Our expectations 5 Organization • Simplicity: the brain reduces complex stimuli into recognized forms • Pattern recognition: the brain organizes information into recognizable patterns or systems of interrelated parts 6 Interpretation The process of assigning meaning to the information that has been selected and organized 7 Dual Processing in Perception • Automatic processing – Fast, subconscious – Heuristics: rules of thumb for how something is to be viewed based on experience • Conscious processing – Slow, deliberative approach – We examine and think about the stimuli 8 Perceiving Others Uncertainty reduction theory: ways individuals monitor their social environments to know more about themselves and others 9 Impression Formation Physical appearance: predictions based on appearance Implicit personality theory: inaccurate perceptions based on the association of physical or other characteristics with personality traits Assumed similarity: thinking that others who share one characteristic with you also share others 10 Attributions Attributions: reasons we give for our own and others’ behavior Situational attribution: attributing behavior to an external situation, outside of a person’s control Dispositional attribution: attributing behavior to someone’s internal disposition or personality 11 Person-Perception Biases Person-Perception Biases – selective perception, stereotyping, halo effects, forced consistency, projection, and fundamental attribution error Selective Perception – inaccurately paying attention only to what we expect to see or hear and ignoring what we don’t expect 12 Stereotyping Prejudice – stereotyping based on the characteristics of a person’s group Discrimination – acting differently toward a person based on prejudice Racism, Ethnocentrism, Heterosexism, Sexism, Ageism, Able-ism – belief that the behaviors or characteristics of one group are inherently superior to those of another 13 More Biases Halo effects – thinking a person has a whole set of related personality traits when only one trait has actually been observed Forced consistency – interpreting conflicting different perceptions of another person so our interpretation of what we see remains consistent Projection – thinking that someone who is like us in one respect will share other characteristics and attitudes Fundamental attribution error – ascribing others’ negative behavior to their dispositions while ascribing our negative behavior to the situation 14 Improving Social Perceptions • Question the accuracy of perceptions. • Seek more information. • Use conscious processing. • Realize that perceptions change. • Use perception checking. 15 Self-Perception Self-concept – your perception of your competencies and personality traits Self-esteem – your evaluation of your perceived competence and personal worthiness 16 Cultural & Self-Perception Independent self-perception: viewing traits, abilities, and personality as internal and universally applicable Interdependent self-perception: viewing traits, abilities, and personality as dependent upon the situation 17 Positive Self-Esteem Perception of having a characteristic + Personal belief that the characteristic is of positive value = Positive self-esteem -Mruk 18 Accuracy of Self-Concept and Self-Esteem •Incongruence: gap between selfperception and reality •Self-fulfilling prophecies: events that happen as the result of being foretold, expected, or talked about •Filtering messages: paying attention only to messages that reinforce our current self-concept 19 Self-Perception and Communication Our self-perception affects our communication by influencing our messages to/about ourselves and to/about others. 20 Self-Perception Online Online communication attitudes influence how much you communicate through social media. How comfortable are you with. . . • Digital selfdisclosure? • Digital social connection? • Convenience? • Digital apprehension? • Miscommunication? 21 Social Media: the Human Factor • Self-disclosure provides opportunities for connection. • Remember that miscommunication can occur. • Convenience is both an opportunity and a challenge. 22