Transcript Chapter 2 - De Anza College

COMMUNICATE!
Verderber, Verderber, Sellnow
Chapter 2
Perception of Self
and Others
Learning Outcomes
LO1 Discover how the perception process works
LO2 Examine how self-perception is formed and
maintained
LO3 Describe how we form perceptions of others
LO4 Discuss how to increase the accuracy of our
perception of self and others
LO5 Analyze how perception influences and is
influenced by communication
LO1
Discover how the
perception process
works
Perception
The process of selectively
attending to information and assigning
meaning to it.
LO1
Attention and Selection
Choice of sensory stimuli depends on:
• Needs
• Interests
• Expectations
LO1
Organization
Number of stimuli we attend to is
substantial. Brain organizes stimuli
using:
• Simplicity
• Pattern
LO1
Interpretation
As the brain selects and organizes
information, it also interprets the
information by assigning meaning to it.
LO1
Dual Processing
• Our capacity to take in and process
information is limited
• Mind developed two-pronged
approach
•Automatic processing – heuristics
•Conscious processing deliberative
LO1
LO2
Examine how selfperception is formed
and maintained
Perception of Self
LO2
• Self-perception
– Overall view we have of ourselves
– Self-concept
• Perception of our skills, abilities, etc.
– Self-esteem
• Evaluation we make about our
personal worthiness based on selfconcept
Self-Concept
• Personal experiences critical to
forming
–Positive first experiences
–Negative first experiences
LO2
Self-Concept
LO2
• Shaped by how others react and
respond to us
– Use comments to validate or alter
perceptions
– Feedback may reveal abilities never
before associated with ourselves
• Reactions from someone we respect are
more powerful
Ideal Self-Concept
• As interact with others, form
ideal self-concept
– What we would like to be
LO2
Self-Esteem
LO2
• Our positive or negative
evaluation of our competencies
and traits
• Importance we place on what we
do well or poorly
Cultural Norms and
Self-Perceptions
• Cultural norms play a critical role in
shaping self-concept and self-esteem
– Independent-self perceptions
• Based on belief traits internal to
person
– Interdependent-self perceptions
• Based on belief traits that are
specific to a particular context or
relationship
LO2
Cultural Norms and Self-Perceptions
Cultural norms play a role in shaping
self-perception around masculine and
feminine self-perception.
LO2
Cultural Norms and Self-Perceptions
• Some people involved in more
than one cultural group
• May develop both types of selfperception
•Switch “cultural frames”
LO2
Accuracy and Distortion
• Incongruence
• Self-fulfilling prophecies
• Filtering messages
• Media images
LO2
LO5
Discuss how perception
influences and is
influenced by
communication
Self-Perception and
Communication
• Self-talk
– Internal conversation have with
ourselves
• Positive self-perception = positive
self-talk
• Negative self-perception = negative
self-talk
LO5
Self-Perception and
Communication
LO5
• Talk about others
–Positive self-perception = take
credit for success
–Self-perceptions influence how we
talk about ourselves with others
Self-Perception and
Communication
LO5
• Influences how talk about others to
ourselves
–More accurate self-perception =
more likely to perceive others
accurately
–More positive self-perception =
more likely to see others favorably
Self-Perception and
Communication
LO5
• Social construction of self
–Presenting different aspects
of self-concept based on
situation and people involved
Self-Perception and
Communication
LO5
• Self-monitoring
–Internal process of being
aware of how coming across
to others and adjusting
behavior
Changing Self-Perceptions
• Fairly enduring characteristics, but
can be changed
– Therapy and self-help techniques
• Improving self-perception will
improve how you interact with
others and, thus, your selfperception
LO5
LO3
Describe how we form
perceptions of others
Uncertainty Reduction
– Theory that explains how individuals
monitor social environment to know
more about themselves and others
– As reduce uncertainty, become more
comfortable
LO3
Forming Impressions
• Physical appearance
• Implicit personality theory
• Assumed similarity
LO3
Making Attributions
• Reasons give for others and
own behavior
• Situational attribution
• Dispositional attribution
LO3
Inaccurate and Distorted
Perceptions
• Selective perception
• Forced consistency
• Prejudice
–Stereotypes
–Discrimination
LO3
LO4
Discuss how to
increase the accuracy
of our perception of
self and others
Improving Perceptions
•
•
•
•
LO4
Question accuracy of perceptions.
Use conscious processing.
Seek more information.
Realize perceptions will change
over time.
• Seek clarification by perception
checking.