Perceptions - Bakersfield College
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Transcript Perceptions - Bakersfield College
th
13
Inter-Act,
Edition
Chapter 2
Social
Perceptions
1
Social Perception
Also known as “cognitive
perception,” it is the set of
processes by which people perceive
themselves and others.
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Chapter 2 Objectives
Describe the perceptual process
Explain how we form perceptions of others and why
we sometimes misperceive others
Discuss how self-perceptions, self-concept, and selfesteem are formed and how we can make
improvements
Identify the human factors that influence our
attitudes toward social media
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The Perception Process
The process of selectively attending
to, organizing, and interpreting the
information that we receive through
our senses
Attention & Selection
Organization
Interpretation
4
Attention and Selection
Selection is determined by:
1.
Our needs
2.
Our interests
3.
Our expectations
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Organization
Simplicity: the brain reduces complex stimuli into
recognized forms
Pattern recognition: the brain organizes information
into recognizable patterns or systems of interrelated
parts
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Interpretation
The process of assigning meaning to the
information that has been selected and
organized
7
Dual Processing in Perception
Automatic processing
◦ Fast, subconscious
◦ Heuristics: rules of thumb for how something is to
be viewed based on experience
Conscious processing
◦ Slow, deliberative approach
◦ We examine and think about the stimuli
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Perceiving Others
Uncertainty reduction theory: ways
individuals monitor their social
environments to know more about
themselves and others
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Impression Formation
Physical appearance: predictions based
on appearance
Implicit personality theory: inaccurate
perceptions based on the association of
physical or other characteristics with
personality traits
Assumed similarity: thinking that others
who share one characteristic with you
also share others
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Making Attributions
Attributions: reasons we give for our
own and others’ behavior
Situational attribution: attributing
behavior to an external situation, outside
of a person’s control
Dispositional attribution: attributing
behavior to someone’s internal
disposition or personality
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Person-Perception Biases
Person-Perception Biases – selective
perception, stereotyping, halo effects, forced
consistency, projection, and fundamental
attribution error
12
Biases Include:
Selective Perception – inaccurately paying attention only to
what we expect to see or hear and ignoring what we don’t
expect
Stereotyping –
◦ Prejudice: stereotyping based on the characteristics of a
person’s group
◦ Discrimination: acting differently toward a person based on
prejudice
◦ Racism, Ethnocentrism, Heterosexism, Sexism, Ageism, Ableism: belief that the behaviors or characteristics of one group
are inherently superior to those of another
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Halo effects – thinking a person has a whole set of
related personality traits when only one trait has
actually been observed
Forced consistency – interpreting conflicting
different perceptions of another person so our
interpretation of what we see remains consistent
Projection – thinking that someone who is like us in
one respect will share other characteristics and
attitudes
Fundamental attribution error – ascribing others’
negative behavior to their dispositions while ascribing
our negative behavior to the situation
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Improving Social Perceptions
Question the accuracy of perceptions.
Seek more information.
Use conscious processing.
Realize that perceptions change.
Use perception checking.
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Self-Perception
Self-concept – your perception of
your competencies and personality traits
Self-esteem – your evaluation of your
perceived competence and personal
worthiness
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Cultural & Self-Perception
Independent self-perception: viewing
traits, abilities, and personality as internal
and universally applicable Interdependent
self-perception: viewing traits, abilities,
and personality as dependent upon the
situation
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Positive Self-Esteem
Perception of having a characteristic
+
Personal belief that the characteristic is of
positive value
=
Positive self-esteem
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Accuracy of Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
•Incongruence: gap between selfperception and reality
•Self-fulfilling prophecies: events that
happen as the result of being foretold,
expected, or talked about
•Filtering messages: paying attention
only to messages that reinforce our
current self-concept
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Self-Perception and Communication
Our self-perception affects
our communication by
influencing:
How we talk to/about
ourselves
How we talk to/about
others.
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Social Media: The Human Factor
Self-disclosure
Social connection
Convenience
◦ an opportunity and a challenge
Apprehension
Miscommunication
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Self-Perception Online
Extra Credit:
Online communication
attitudes influence how
much you
communicate through
social media.
Go to your Facebook
page
Reflect on the information
posted to your profile
Assess your digital selfdisclosure and social
connection
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Homework:
List 10 words to describe yourself. Use a variety of
descriptors: roles, skills, physical attributes, personality
characteristics, etc. Have a family member, close friend,
and acquaintance each list 10 words to describe you.
Analyze the differences/similarities.
Then describe the 5 most significant situations, events,
or experiences that have shaped your current selfconcept. Explain.
Review your Assignment Rubric!
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