Transcript Chapter 8
Chapter 8: Culture, Ethnicity, and Spirituality Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Many Faces of Culture Multifaceted term; which can refer to many groups Gender, age, socioeconomic status Membership in social or sport groups Organizational environments Employment status Mental or physical disability Political affiliation Education level Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Cultural Heritage Behaviors passed on to future generations Core component of ethnicity Heritage consistency Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Acculturation Acceptance of values and traditions of the host country Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Assimilation Gradual process of developing a new cultural identity Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Cultural Awareness Initial step toward effective interaction among individuals from different cultures. Involves one’s own awareness of culture, including prejudices and biases towards other cultures. Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Aspects of Communication Language Space Time orientation Vary among different cultures Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Secondary Characteristics of Cultural Diversity Socioeconomic status Occupation Education Gender issues Geographic place of residence Length of time absent from the country of origin Sexual orientation Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Subcultures Exist in each major culture Members develop new values that they honor more than the values of their dominant culture Poverty is often a characteristic Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Cultural Diversity Primary characteristics Secondary characteristics May have more powerful effect on individual’s cultural identity Nurses avoid generalization or stereotyping on the basis of minimal information about the individual or culture Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Common Prejudices and Biases Racism Sexism The belief that members of one race are superior to those of other races The belief that members of one sex are superior to those of the other sex Heterosexism The belief that everyone is or should be heterosexual and that heterosexuality is best, normal, and superior Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Common Prejudices and Biases, cont’d. Ageism Ethnocentrism The belief that members of one age-group are superior to those of other ages The belief that one’s own cultural, ethnic, or professional group is superior to that of others Xenophobia The morbid fear of strangers and those who are not of one’s own ethic group Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Culture and Mental Illness Culture determines: What behavior is normal/what is abnormal What beliefs are acceptable/what are not Concepts of mental health/mental illness Acceptability of various treatment modalities Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Cultural Competence Requires a respect for diversity Understanding of attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, practices, and communication patterns of multiple cultures and their languages Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Spirituality Influenced by culture, life experiences Helps connect people to each other, the community, the world Along with religion and faith, may be experienced and expressed in a variety of ways Includes core beliefs about people, the divine, and relations between them Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Major Spiritual Issues Loss Fear Death Abandonment Alienation Copyright © 2012, 2007 Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16