Transcript The West Between the Wars The Search for Stability

Great Depression
Deficit Spending
Fascism
Politburo
Benito Mussolini (541)
Reichstag
Adolf Hitler (548)
Dawes Plan
Collective Bargaining
F. D. Roosevelt (538)
Totalitarian State
Collectivization
Joseph Stalin (543)
Concentration Camp
Heinrich Himmler (551)
Which person would you vote for to run your country?
a. Person that doesn’t drink or smoke, deeply religious,
wounded in combat, promises great things
b. Person that smokes heavily, overweight, curses in
public, promises great things, never served in the
military
c. Person that smokes heavily, promises great things,
never served in the military, constantly deceives
the country, crippled
The West Between the Wars
The Search for Stability
Chapter 17 Section 1
 Treaties ending WWI created
new boundaries and states
 Many border disputes in nations
 Germans upset with the Treaty
of Versailles
 The League of Nations was not
successful in maintaining peace
 U.S. did not join the league
because many Americans didn’t
want to be involved in European
affairs
 The U.S. Senate refused to
ratify the Treaty of Versailles
Reports on German Inflation
 As soon as I received my salary I rushed out to
buy what I needed. My daily salary was just
enough to buy one loaf of bread and a small piece
of cheese .... A friend of mine, a vicar, came to
Berlin to buy some shoes with his month's wages
for his baby. By the time he arrived, he only had
enough to buy a cup of coffee.
 A German woman writing about the effects of
hyperinflation
Reports on German Inflation
 Two women were carrying a laundry basket
filled to the brim with banknotes. Seeing a
crowd standing round a shop window, they
put down the basket, for a moment to see if
there was anything they could buy. When
they turned round a few moments later, they
found the money there untouched. But the
basket was gone. (The memories of a
German writer)
Reports on German Inflation
 Countless children, even the youngest, never get
a drop of milk and come to school without a warm
breakfast ... The children frequently come to
school without a shirt or warm clothing or they are
prevented from attending school by a lack of
proper clothing. Deprivation gradually stifles any
sense of cleanliness and morality and leaves room
only for thoughts of the struggle against the
hunger and cold. (Report by the Mayor of Berlin,
1923)
Germany’s Problems
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April 1921, the Allied Reparations
Commission determined that Germany
owed 132 German billion marks (33
billion U.S. $) for reparations; in
installments of 2.5 billion a year
Germany made first payment in 1921
Afterwards said it can’t afford it; France
sends troops to Ruhr Valley (German
mining center) to collect money from
these sources
German workers strike; government
pays salaries by printing more money,
adds to inflation
German mark becomes worthless
-1914 – 4.2 marks = $1 U.S.
-1923 – 130 billion marks = $1 U.S.
- end of 1923 4.2 trillion marks = $1 U.S.
-people carried their salaries in
wheelbarrows
German kids playing with bank notes
Plans for Peace
 International Commission called
The Dawes Plan – reduced
reparations and coordinated
Germany’s annual payments with
its ability to pay; gave Germany a
$200 million loan
 More American investment in
Europe
 Short period of European
prosperity from 1924 to 1929
 1925 Treaty of Locarno –
guaranteed Germany’s borders
with France and Belgium – seen as
a time of real peace
 Germany joins the League of
Nations 1926
 Kellogg-Briand pact written by U.S.
secretary of state and French
foreign minister – pledged to
“renounce war as an instrument of
nation policy”
Logic behind Dawes Plan)
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The Great Depression
Depression--period of low economic
activity and rising unemployment
Overproduction of wheat
International financial crisis
European prosperity built on U.S. bank
loans; Germany needed U.S. loans
U.S. withdraws more money from
Germany because of Depression in U.S.
Germany’s problems are getting worse
1/6 of Britain unemployed
40% of Germany’s labor force
unemployed
Governments try to make more
protective tariffs to exclude foreign
goods
More government activity in the
economy in the U.S. and Europe
Marx’s predictions that capitalism would
destroy itself through overproduction
seem true
People start to follow leaders who have
simple solutions in return for dictator
power
German homeless person due to
Depression; many Germans starved to
death
Democratic States after the War Germany
 Women can’t vote in France
until 1944, Italy 1945,
Switzerland 1971
 Germany became a democratic
state called the Weimar
Republic
-no good leaders
-President Hindenburg was a
military man who didn’t like
some of the ideas of a
democratic republic
-economic crisis
-widows, teachers, others on
fixed incomes saw their monthly
incomes and life savings
become worthless
-Depression leads to rise of
extremist parties
Germany 1919-1937)
Democratic States after the War France
 France becomes the most powerful country on the
European continent
 Had financial problems after the war; also
Depression hits in 1932
 1936 coalition of communists, socialists, and
radicals form the government and start the French
New Deal – started collective bargaining – gave
workers the right to negotiate 40 hour work week,
two week paid vacation and minimum wage
 This coalition does not work and by 1938 French
people had no confidence in their political system
Democratic States after the War –
Great Britain
 Britain lost industrial markets to the U.S. and
Japan
 Industries like coal, steel and textiles decline after
the war
 1921, 2 million Britons unemployed
 Some prosperity from 1925-1929
 1929 Britain feels effects of Depression
 Labour Party – largest political party in Britain
cannot solve problems
 Conservative party back in power in 1931 starts
protective tariffs, balanced budgets
A New Idea from a British Economist
 John Maynard Keynes published the General Theory of Employment,
Interest, and Money (1936) – Keyes said that unemployment did not
come from overproduction but from a decline in demand and demand
can be increased by putting people back to work building highways
and public buildings and the government should fund this through
deficit spending or going into debt to pay for it.
Democratic States after the War –
The United States
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1932 U.S. industrial production had
fallen by almost 50%
More than 12 million unemployed
Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected
president 1932
Thought capitalism must be reformed;
started the New Deal
New Deal included Works Progress
Administration (WPA)-put 3 million to
work building bridges, roads, post
offices, and airports
Social Security Act created-gave oldage pensions and unemployment
insurance
Did not solve problems of the
Depression
1938 unemployment still over 10 million
WWII will bring U.S. industry back and
people back to full employment
Picture of Dust Bowl U.S.)
Dust Storm South Dakota
Dust Storm Oklahoma
Dust Storm Colorado
Moving to California
Family moving during Depression
Moving West during the Great
Depression
Wife and Children of a sharecropper
Alabama School during Depression
Family during Depression
Employment Agency 1935
CCC working – Civilian
Conservation Corps
CCC planting
Shack during Depression
Soup Kitchen NYC
U.S. Depression Farm Foreclosures
Chapter 17 Section 2
The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
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The
Rise
of
Dictators
Democracy in Europe was
short
1939 – France and Great
Britain only major European
countries who are
democratic
Totalitarian states formed in
Germany, Italy, the Soviet
Union and other states; more
central power
Totalitarian states wanted
the total loyalty and
obedience of their subjects
They were led by a single
leader and a single party and
rejected individual freedoms
British Parliament
Fascism in Italy
 Fascism--glorifies the state over
the individual and a strong
government led by a dictator
 Italy had economic problems
after WWI
 Strikes, inflation etc.
 People feared communism (it
was already in Russia)
 Benito Mussolini formed groups
of Fascists called squadristi or
Blackshirts
 They attacked socialist offices
 Broke up strikes with violence
 Middle class and upper class
who fear the poor support
Mussolini
 Mussolini demanded more land
for Italy and used nationalism
and patriotism to get support
Fascism in Italy
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1922 Mussolini threatens to march on
Rome if he is not given power
King Victor Emmanuel III was forced to
make Mussolini Prime Minister
People’s rights taken, no one could
criticize police or Mussolini and could be
arrested for any reason
1926 Mussolini outlaws other political
parties and creates a secret police
called OVRA
He rules as Il Duce – “The Leader”
He censored newspapers, radio, film
Used propaganda to mole Italians into a
single-minded Fascist community
Most propaganda said stuff like
“Mussolini Is Always Right”
Fascists started “youth groups” wanted
to make people fit, disciplined, and warloving
Women were to be homemakers
Mussolini said, “their natural and
fundamental mission in life” was to be
Blackshirts
The Catholic Church
 1929 Mussolini recognized
the independence of
Vatican city (church had
claimed this area since
1870); in return the Pope
recognized the Italian state
 Mussolini said Catholicism
is the “sole religion of the
state”
 Hitler admired Mussolini
Vatican
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Soviet Union
Peasants began to sabotage
communism by hoarding food;
huge drought and famine in USSR
between 1920-1922
5 million died
Industry collapsed
1921-Industry output only 20% of
its 1913 level
1921 Lenin starts New Economic
Policy (NEP)
Peasants allowed to sell products
Small businesses allowed to be
privately owned
Large industry, banking, and
mines run by government
1922 Lenin and Communists
formally create the state called the
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics USSR
Agriculture gets better
The NEP saved the USSR from
economic disaster
Stalin (center)
Rise of Stalin - USSR
 Lenin died in 1924
 Law making body of
communist body – Politburo
began fighting for power
 Leon Trotsky wanted to end
the NEP, industrialize and
spread communism
 Joseph Stalin is also an official
and seizes power; he
eliminates the Politburo and
creates a true dictatorship
 Trotsky was expelled from the
party and was went to Mexico;
was eventually killed (probably
ordered by Stalin)
Lenin’s mausoleum
Five-Year Plans – Stalin - USSR
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Stalin started the First Five-Year Plan,
which set up goals for the next five
years-wanted to produce heavy
machines and machinery, and double oil
production
Real wages declined, families lived in
horrible conditions; laws limited where
workers could move; the government
stressed sacrifice
Collectivization of agriculture – private
farms were eliminated; government
owned land, peasants worked it
By 1934 Stalin had taken 26 million
family farms
Peasants tried to hoard food and even
killed livestock
10 million peasants died of famine in
1932-1933
People who resisted Stalin were sent to
labor camps in Siberia
5 year plan poster
Stalin’s Great Purge of the 1930s
 Old Bolsheviks were put on trial
and sentenced to death
 He arrested 8 million people for
various reasons and sent them
to Siberian labor camps – they
were never heard from again
 Many were executed
 Women could get divorces;
encouraged women to work;
men who didn’t support their
children were heavily fined
Bolsheviks with Lenin in the middle
The Purge of Stalin
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How many died?
In the original version of his book The Great Terror, Robert Conquest gave the following
estimates of those arrested, executed, and incarcerated during the height of the Purge:
Arrests, 1937-1938 - about 7 million
Executed - about 1 million
Died in camps - about 2 million
In prison, late 1938 - about 1 million
In camps, late 1938 - about 8 million
Conquest concluded that "not more than 10 percent of those then in camp survived."
Updating his figures in the late 1980s based on recently-released archival sources, he
increased the number of "arrests" to 8 million, but reduced the number in camps to "7
million, or even a little less." This would give a total death toll for the main Purge period
of just under ten million people. About 98 percent of the dead (Gendercide Watch's
calculation) were male.
The estimates are "only approximations," Conquest notes, and "anything like complete
accuracy on the casualty figures is probably unattainable." But "it now seems that further
examination of the data will not go far from the estimates we now have except, perhaps,
to show them to be understated"; and "in any case, the sheer magnitudes of the Stalin
holocaust are now beyond doubt."
Eastern Europe - Authoritarian
 Didn’t know much about
democracy
 Landowners feared
peasants
 Peasants uneducated
 Feared communism
 Only Czechoslovakia,
which had a large middle
class and strong industry
maintained a democracy
Spain
 Democracy fails in Spain
 General Francisco Franco
revolted against the
democratic government in
1936
 Bloody Civil War began –
Germany and Italy helped
Franco
 Franco established
dictatorship in 1939
 It favors landowners,
businesspeople, and Catholic
clergy
 He didn’t try to control all
aspects of people’s lives
 He was authoritarian, not
totalitarian
 (right: Franco and a
propaganda poster during the
Spanish Civil War for the
Hitler and Nazi Germany
Chapter 17 Section 3
Hitler and his Views
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Adolf Hitler was born in Austria (1989)
Failed in school, went to Vienna to become
an artist, was rejected by art school
He was a racist, nationalist, understood
propaganda, and how governments could
use terror
He served in WWI for 4 years
Remained in Germany after war, entered
politics
Joined the German Workers’ Party (right
wing and nationalist)
1921 Hitler has control of party and it had
been renamed National Socialist German
Workers’ Party or Nazi Party; had a militia
known as the Storm Troops or
Brownshirts
Staged an uprising against the German
government, it was crushed, Hitler sent to
prison
He wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while
in jail which spoke of extreme nationalism,
anti-Semitism, and anticommunism; says
superior nations can expand, and leaders
can have authoritarian leadership over the
masses
(Hitler: baby, left, top right)
Nazism
 Hitler realizes Nazis must
become a mass political party
and compete for votes
 He expands party to all of
Germany; it becomes largest
party in the Reichstag (German
parliament)
 Depression made extremist
parties attractive
 Hitler promised a new Germany;
talked of national pride, honor,
and traditional militarism
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Victory of Nazism
Parliament is not important, government not
working
Many look to Hitler for leadership
Elite thought Hitler could save Germany
from communism
1933 Hindenburg, under pressure allows
Hitler to become chancellor and create new
government
In two months, Hitler has complete control
Reichstag passed Enabling Act-says
government can ignore the constitution
for four years
Hitler becomes dictator appointed by the
parliament
Nazis bring civil service under their control;
no more Jews in government positions
People who opposed regime were sent to
concentration camps
Unions were dissolved
All other political parties were outlawed
Summer of 1933 – Germany is a totalitarian
state
1934 Hindenburg dies, presidency is
abolished
Hitler is sole ruler of Germany
Government officials and soldiers had to
take an oath of loyalty to Hitler, “the Fuhrer”
or leader
The Nazi State (1933-1939)
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Hitler wanted an Aryan racial state
to dominate Europe and maybe the
world
They thought Germans were
descendants of Aryans and would
make a new empire like the
Romans
Nazis believed there had already
been two empires or Reichs – The
Holy Roman Empire and the
Germany Empire of 1871-1918 and
Hitler would create a Third Reich,
the empire of Nazi Germany
Terror was used to get people to
conform
The Terror of the Nazi State
 Hitler was absolute ruler
 The SS (Schutzstaffeln “Guard
Squadrons”) maintained order
under Heinrich Himmler
 SS was the secret police and
regular police
 SS had two principles: terror
and ideology
 They used repression, murder,
concentration camps, execution
squads, death camps
 Himmler’s goal was to further
the Aryan master race
Economic Policies
 Hitler created arms program and
gave grants to private firms to
put people back to work and
end Depression
 Unemployment dropped from 6
million in 1932 to less than 500k
in 1937
 Hitler took credit for this, and
this helped him get more
support from people
Hitler with SS
Organizations and Women under Nazism
 Rallies held in Nuremberg to gain
enthusiasm
 Catholic and Protestant Churches and
primary and secondary schools were
brought under the control of the Nazis
 Professional organizations and youth
organizations were taught Nazi beliefs
 Women were crucial as bearers of
children of the Aryan race
 Nazis believed men were to be
warriors and political leaders
 Women were meant to be wives and
mothers
 Women were encouraged to work in
social work and nursing
 Propaganda said: “Get a hold of pots
and pans and broom, and you’ll sooner
find a groom”
Rally at Nuremberg
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Anti-Semitic Policies
Sept 1935 new racial policies were
announced at a rally in Nuremberg called the
Nuremberg laws
- Excluded Jews from citizenship
- Forbade marriage between Jews and
German citizens
- Required to wear Stars of David and carry
ID cards saying they are Jewish
Nov. 9, 1938 – Kristallnacht – Night of the
Shattered Glass – Nazis burned
synagogues and destroyed Jewish
businesses; at least 100 Jews were killed;
30k Jewish males were sent to concentration
camps
Jews were banned from public
transportation/buildings, schools, hospitals
-- Prohibited from owning, managing or
working in retail stores
-- Forced to clean up the damage from
Kristallnacht
-- Encouraged to leave Germany
Temple after Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
Jews lined up to concentration camp
from Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht