Transcript Unit 7: World War I - Aurora City Schools

Unit 7: World War I
Chapter 22
From Neutrality to War
Primary Causes of WWI (MAIN causes)
•MILITARISM
•ALLIANCE SYSTEMS
•IMPERIALISM
•NATIONALISM
Militarism
Alliance Systems
 Glorification of armed
 Nations joined into
strength
 Nations built large
armies and navies to be
bigger and stronger than
their neighbors
 This led to an ARMS
RACE
alliances to provide
mutual defense from
common enemies
 Central and Allied
Powers
Imperialism
Nationalism
 Desire of a nation to
 Strong sense of loyalty
create an empire
 Need to control colonies
in order to become selfsufficient
 Colonies have 3 purposes
and duty to one’s nation
or ethnic group
 Strong desire of a people
to govern themselves free
from the control of
foreign rulers
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Provide raw materials
Provide a market place for
products
Serve as military bases to
protect the empire
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
 Heir to the Throne of Austria-Hungary
 Visits Bosnia with his wife Sophie
 The Black Hand- terrorist group in Bosnia (Bosnia was taken over by
Austria-Hungary and preferred to have close ties with Serbia)
 Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914
 Sparks WWI in Europe
The March to
War
 Central Powers
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Austro-Hungarian Empire
Germany
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
 Allied Powers
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Serbia
Great Britain
Russia
France
Italy
Greece
Romania
Wilson Stands Neutral
 Benefits
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Pleased Americans
No loss of life
Sell goods to both sides
Wilson’s hopes for re-election
 Drawbacks
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Citizen’s (immigrants) ties to
homeland
Overwhelming support for Allies
Prolonged the war
Britain Stops U.S. Trade
 Blockade
 Britain creates a blockade around Germany
 Prevents Germans from receiving goods
 U.S. Shipping
 Britain did not want U.S. ships delivering anything that could
help the German war effort.
German U-boats
 U-Boat
 Submarines known as “Unterseeboot”
 Germans thought u-boats would break the British blockade.
RMS Lusitania
 Sinking of Lusitania
 British ocean-liner attacked by u-boat on May 7, 1915.
 1,198 died including 128 Americans.
 Germans said the ship was carrying weapons and
ammunition.
 Theodore Roosevelt:
"murder on the high seas"
Building to War
 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
 German war plan to use u-boats to control shipping.
 Wilson demands that Germans stop sinking U.S. ships.
 Sussex Pledge
 After sinking the French ship Sussex, the Germans promise to
spare all lives in any future U-boat attacks on merchant ships
 but the U.S. must force Britain to end its blockade on
Germany.
The Preparedness Movement
 The Preparedness Movement
 led by Theodore Roosevelt to prepare the U.S. in case they
were to enter the war.
 Wanted a million trained men and a larger navy the Britain.
 Wilson backed movement due to U-boat attacks.
Propaganda
 Propaganda
 information or rumor spread by a group or government to
promote its own cause or ideas or to damage an opposing
cause or idea.
Zimmermann Note
 Zimmermann Note
 Coded note sent by Germany to Mexico. Intercepted by the
British.
 The note promised Mexico that if it attacked the U.S.,
Germany would help Mexico regain loss territory the U.S.
acquired in the Mexican-American War.
Entering World War I
 Why did we get involved?
 U-boat attacks lead to American deaths.
 Zimmermann Note creates anti-German sentiment
 Pro-Britain propaganda.
 Closer ties to the allies.
 Wilson's re-election.
 The need to make the world
"safe for democracy.”
 Economic reasons - "making
payment on every debt
certain and sure."
Chapter 23
The Course and Conduct of World War I
Selective Service Act
 The Selective Service Act
 May 1917, a draft that required all men ages 21 to 30 to
register for military service at local polling stations.
 10 million registered.
The American Expeditionary Force
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Troops arrived in France in June 1917.
Nicknamed the "doughboys."
Infantry force led by Gen. John J. Pershing.
They acted as a separate military and took more forceful and
offensive tactics than the allied armies.
369th
 369th Regiment
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An all African-American regiment.
Fought under French command. Received the highest
military honor from the French.
German soldiers call them
"Hell Fighters."
New Technologies of WWI
 Machine Gun
 Rapid fire weapon producing
600 rounds-per-minute
 Howitzer
 Large Cannon
 Chemical Weapons
 Toxic chemical weapons
(Mustard Gas)
New Technologies of WWI
 Airplanes
 Used for scouting enemy territory,
shooting and bombing
 Battleships
 1906 HMS Dreadnought
 Heavily armed and armored
Trench Warfare
 Machine Guns
 Could hold down an enemy advance
 Rushing machine guns was always not wise
 Trenching
 due to machine guns, snipers and artillery, soldiers dug into
the ground and began fighting trench warfare.
Trench Warfare
 Tactics
 Series of defensive trenches separated by "no-man's land"
complete with barbed wire
 Conditions
 Conditions were terrible.
 Muddy trenches smelled of rotting bodies, sweat, and
overflowing latrines.
 Trench foot infected soldiers.
 Disease and rodents led to death and suffering.
The Meuse-Argonne Offensive
 Germans push into France, Spring 1918
 As more Americans arrived, German victory seemed unlikely
 Meuse-Argonne Offensive
 September 1918, offensive launched
 Allies broke through German lines and take control Sedan railroad
 Cuts of German communication and supplies
 Armistice
 A truce reached by both sides
 November 11th, 1918
 Central Powers Surrender
Chapter 24
The Home Front
Americans AGAINST the War
 Pacifists
 People who opposed all war for political, moral, or religious reasons
 Woman’s Peace Party
 Women led by Jane Addams who believed in limitation of
arms and mediation.
 Wanted progressive social reforms to eliminate economic
causes of the war.
 Conscientious Objectors
 Primarily men, who opposed the war and therefore would not serve
in the armed forces
Americans FOR the War
 Liberty Bonds
 Pro-war Americans purchased war bonds
 Certificates issued which promised to pay back money plus interest
 Money went to the war effort
 Committee on Public Information
 Government organization who used propaganda to help sell the war
 Patriots
 People who believed that supporting the war was patriotic backed
the war effort on all fronts
Selling the War
 CPI
 Hired artists, reporters, directors, writers
and historians
 Created a pro-war, anti-German
sentiment
 Successful?
 Very successful, however it prompted
persecution of many Germans in the U.S.
Food Helps Win the War
 Food Administration
 Herbert Hoover heads Administration
 Encouraged Americans to conserve
food and plant gardens
 Farmers to plant more food
 Food sent overseas
Fuel Helps Win the War
 The Fuel Administration
 Ask Americans to conserve fuel
 Introduce daylight savings time
 Excess fuel helped run military overseas
African-American Response
 W.E.B. DuBois
 Encouraged African Americans to join war effort
 Attempt to show patriotism and loyalty
 William Monroe Trotter
 Said the U.S. should end segregation here before fixing problems
overseas.
The Great Migration
 Great Migration
 High production of goods in northern factories
 Provoked African Americans to migrate north
 Race riots
“Americanization”
 American Protective League
 Tried to enforce 100% Americanization
 Went into immigrant neighborhoods
 Threatened immigrants
Acts of 1917 & 1918
 Espionage Act of 1917
 Law that made interfering with the draft illegal
 Also set severe penalties for spying, sabotaging, and “obstruction of
the war effort.”
 Sedition Act of 1918
 Act that made saying anything “disloyal, profane, or abusive” about
the U.S. government
Socialists Speak Out
 Eugene V. Debs tells followers:
 Wars have been waged for conquest and plunder.
 They are ordered by the master class and fought by the subject
class.
 Wobblies
 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were against war
 “Capitalists of America, we will fight against you, not for you.”
Schenck v. United States
 Charles Schenck, 1919
 Socialist
 Charged with attempting to disrupt a military draft
 Freedom of Speech Defense
 Failed
 Convicted for causing a panic
Symbolic Speech
 Symbolic Speech
 Conduct that conveys a message without spoken words
 U.S. v. O’Brien
 1966, David O’Brien burned his draft card
 Court ruled that he was not allowed to break a law in which the
government has a “substantial interest.”
 Texas v. Johnson
 1984, Gregory Johnson burned American flag in protest
 Court ruled that flag burning is protected under symbolic speech
Chapter 25
The Treaty of Versailles:
To Ratify or Reject?
Fourteen Points
 Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 Wilson’s blueprint for world peace
 Make the world “fit and safe to live in.”
 Designed to protect “every peace-loving nation” and people from
“force and selfish aggression”
The Fourteen Points
 Point 1
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Countries could not make
secret treaties and alliances
 Point 2
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Freedom of the seas
 Point 5
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 Point 6 – 13
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 Point 3
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Free trade among countries
 Point 4
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Countries would reduce their
stockpiles of weapons
International arbitration in
all colonial disputes
Land taken during WWI will
be restored to previous
owner
 Point 14
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Creation of a League of
Nations
Clarification of the Points
 Freedom of the Seas
 The right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters in
times of peace and war
 Reduction in Armaments
 Reducing the amount of weapons of war instead of building for
competition
 League of Nations
 An international organization designed to ensure world peace
 Territorial Integrity

Nations will respect another nation’s borders
The Big Four
Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
David Lloyd George (U.K.)
Georges Clemenceau (France)
Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
Punishing Germany
 War-Guilt Clause
 Held Germany responsible for the war and forced them to make
reparations to Allied nations
 Reparations
 $33 Billion must be paid to Allied powers to offset the cost of war
 Mandates
 Territories controlled by League of Nations until they were ready for
self rule
 Include:
Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and some German
colonies
Treaty of Versailles
 Treaty of Versailles
 Peace treaty signed by allied powers and Germany on June
18, 1919.
 Assigned Germany responsibility for the war.
 Required Germany to pay reparations.
 Reduced Germany's territory.
 Included the covenant
for the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
 Reservationists
 Republicans in the Senate that would votes yes only if a
number of reservations
 including the Collective Security clause was removed from the
treaty.
 Irreconcilables
 16 Republican Senators who firmly opposed the treaty.
 They cited Washington's farewell address as grounds for
voting no.
 Internationalists
 Mostly Senate Democrats who supported the treaty.
 They believed the greater international cooperation the
more benefits everyone can reap.
Wilson’s Attempt to Gain Support
 Touring the Nation
 Wilson embarked on an 8,000 mile speaking tour
 40 speeches in 29 cities
 Suffered a stroke, ending the tour
Partisanship
 Partisanship
 Complete support of a single political party, preventing
progress through negotiation
 Death of Treaty
 Republicans and Democrats could not agree on a treaty
 Republicans try to amend treaty, but Wilson votes it down
 Original treaty fails to pass a 2/3’s vote
Election of 1920
Warren G. Harding (R)
vs.
James M. Cox (D)
 Harding defeats Cox in a landslide
 Separate Treaty
 October 1921, U.S. sign separate peace treaty with Germany