Transcript Americans setting in position

Questions to world Map
• What does this map show?
• Which countries are the largest in
territory?
• Which countries are the most powerful?
• What alliances do you see?
• How might these alliances cause
tensions?
• What type of men are
these?
• Do they look like they
come from the same
country?
• What are they doing?
Alliances and battles before WWI
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Germany and France
had fought over
Alsace-Lorraine
Austria-Hungary fought
to keep it together
Russia always looking
for warm port
France/England war
repeatedly over
territories
Basically conflict was
not new
By 1907 Europe
formed
compacts/alliances to
protect themselves
against each other
• 1882-Triple Crown
Alliance (Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and
Italy)
• 1894-France-Russia
(back watching)
• 1907-Triple Entente
(France, Russia, and
England). England joins
because of German
Naval buildup
• Tensions build
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Military buildup
• “Too much hate too much
jealousy”
Kaiser Wilhelm II in uniform of an Austrian Field Marshall
Cause of WWI
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June 28, 1914
assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand of AustriaHungary and his wife
Sophie
Archduke visits Sarajevo,
Bosnia capital to quell its
desires for independence
Princip- member of Black
Hand, Serbian nationalist
organization shot Archduke
Austria-Hungary demanded
apology and gave an
ultimatum requiring Serbia
to suppress all anti-Austria
activity and to allow Austria
entry to investigate murder
Serbia accepts all demands
EXCEPT entry
• Austria-Hungary declares WAK
July 28, 1914
• Germany joins AustriaHungary: Russia supports
Serbia
• Germany declares war on
Russia because they have
mobilized troops to Serbia and
declares war on France since
they are sure to join in!
• The chain reactions begin
• 1. Germany moves towards
France taking Luxembourg
and Belgium in process
• 2. Britain, Belgium’s protector,
joins
• Who are these
people?
• What are they
wearing?
• Why?
“Modern Warfare”
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A Thought to be
over quickly but
ends up in
stalemate
Machine guns,
hand grenades,
artillery shells,
poison gases- all
products of
Industrial
Technology
• Soon war became
one of attrition
• Dead in battlefield
(60,000 in one day
• Submarines strikes
• Naval blockades
(British)
• Trench warfare
American Response
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New immigrant
nation!
British
Irish
German
France
Neutrality called
• Fear of Kaiser
Wilhelm
• Financial opportunity
or not due to
blockades
• Watch word:
Preparedness
• National Security
League formed 19151916
• What do you see
here?
• What new dangers
does a submarine
create for the enemy?
• How could German uboats threaten the
united states being
close to American
shores?
On the sea
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German U boatUnterseeboat
(submarine)
From FebruaryMay 1915 U boats
sunk about 90
ships in war zone
including a British
passenger steamer
• Lusitania May 19151200 people- 128
Americans
• Arabic- also British
liner sunk- Germans
promise no more
• Sussex (6 months
later)
US Military Prepare: (2.1G)
• -Zimmerman Telegraph 1917war fever mounts with
propaganda
• April 17- world safe for
democracy
• Despite the “preparedness”
motto and the National
Security League, the United
States was unprepared for war.
• May 1917 Wilson convinces
Congress we need a draft. It
was estimated that it would
take a year to build enough
troops to aid the Allies. Men
had to be trained/ factories
converted to produce military
goods.
• June 1917 first troops sent to
France under Commander
Major General Pershing. By
late 1917 50,000 troops per
month were landing in Europe.
• Huge morale boost to
European soldiers who had
already been fighting for 3
years. Gives Allies the
advantage.
• Segregation remained in the
military (blacks return
victorious though, recall the
march down 5th Ave and the
Harlem Renaissance that
ensues) the 369 Infantry saw
continues combat and
received the Croix de Guerre
from France (highest honor)
American Obligations: (2.1H)
• War Industries Board
established to build
military supplies.
Americans were
FORBIDDEN to trade
with firms in any way
related to the enemy
nations.
• “Support the War Effort”
• New Jersey’s “Antiloafing Law” – all ablebodies males must be
regularly employed.
• “Work or Fight” rule
issued by the War
Department.
• National War Labor
Board established to unify
labor policies creating an
unusual period of
cooperation between
employers and workers.
Federal Government
supports the rights of
workers to organize and
bargain collectively, and
improved working
conditions. Set fair wage
standards for
employment of women
and children and insisted
on an eight-hour working
day.
• What do you see in
the slide?
• Why are these people
in the streets?
• What would motivate
them to fight in the
war in Europe?
• What do you see in
the slide?
• Where is this man
going?
• What will his wife do
to help with the war
effort?
• Who will replace him
at his job?
First American Troops Dis-Embarking in Saint-Nazaire; 1917
Americans setting in position a French 37mm. gun known as a "one-pounder"
American Obligations Cont’d.
• Women enter the workforce in positions previously held
by men. (Once war ends so do these positions for
women and similarly for blacks who had been drawn
from the south with promises of jobs.)
• “Food Will Win the War – Don’t Waste It” people
supported their troops in whatever ways possible.
• “Victory Gardens” Meatless days, breadless days
became the “rage” as home front people found a way to
sacrifice for the war effort.
• Farm production increased by ¼ and food shipments to
the Allied countries increased to three times America’s
pre-war exports.
American Propaganda and
Government Controls (2.1I)
• Committee on Public
Information – formed by Wilson
and run by journalist George
Creel. He uses lecturers,
writers, actors, artists, and
scholars to create a HUGE
propaganda campaign whole
message was that the war was
being fought for FREEDOM
AND DEMOCRACY.
• Movement increases sale of
Liberty Bonds, reduces rate of
job absenteeism, and raises
morale.
• Convinced Americans that the
German’s began with evil
intentions and must be
defeated at any cost.
• Fueled fear and suspicion
among American people.
Disloyalty would be “dealt with
a firm hand of repression”
• Espionage Act of 1917 – illegal
to interfere with the draft
• Sedition Act of 1918 – illegal to
obstruct the selling of Liberty
Bonds or to discuss anything
“disloyal, profane, scurrilous,
or abusive” about American
form of government, the
Constitution, or the army or
navy.
American Propaganda and
Government Controls Cont’d.
• Censorship of the press and banning of some
publications.
• 1,500 prosecutions and 1,000 convictions including a
socialist and former presidential candidate Eugene Debs
who urged people to “resist militarism” He was
sentenced for 10 years (ran for office from jail winning 1
million votes in 1920) and was pardoned in 1921 by
Harding the victor of that race.
• Prohibition finally passed (to use wheat and grains for
food rather than liquor) 18th Amendment
• German Americans became victims of hate crimes.
“Hate the Huns!” (8 million of 100 million) no German
music, no German language to be taught. German
measles became Liberty measles/ a hamburger a “liberty
sandwich”
• What do you see in
the picture?
• What ship has been
sunk?
• How did the Germans
sink this ship?
• How might the
Americans react to
news of this incident?
• What do you see in
the slide?
• To whom is the
telegram written?
• Why would it be
written in code?
• What might be the
subject of this
telegram?