Transcript WWI PowerPoint Notes

The Great War (WWI)
Immediate cause:
The assassination of Archduke Francis
Ferdinand (=Prince of Austria-Hungary)
Took place on June 28, 1914
Shot by Gavrilo Princip
19-year-old Serbian nationalist
Believed Austria-Hungary had no right to
rule Serbia, Bosnia, or other independent
nations
The Long-Term Causes of WWI
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
1. Militarism
Germany was competing
with England to build
battleships.
The British feared an attack
on their Empire
1. Militarism
Germany was
competing with Russia
and France to expand
their armies
1880
Germany
France
Russia
1914
1.3m 5.0m
0.73m 4.0m
0.40m 1.2m
2. Alliances
By 1914 all the major
powers (countries)
were linked by a
system of alliances.
The alliances made it
more likely that a war
would start.
Alliances
Within one week, all the great powers of
Europe were involved.
Central Powers
Germany and Austria-Hungary
Allies
Russia, France, Serbia, and Great Britain
3. Imperialism
Powerful nations competing for colonies /
territory.
The British feared German colonies in
Africa.
The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in
Southeast Europe
4. Nationalism
Nations wanted to assert power and
independence.
Slavs, Eastern Europeans, wanted to be free.
were aided by Serbia and Russia
Serbia’s
national
flag
The Conflict Expands
Austria-Hungary was convinced that
Serbia was behind the Archduke’s
assassination
Declared war on Serbia on
July 28, 1914.
Stalemate
Stalemate -neither side is able to gain
an advantage by end of 1914
Both sides “dig in” …beginning of
trench warfare
Trenches were separated by an
empty area called “no man’s land.”
Life in the Trenches
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No Man’s Land
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The American Response
European immigrants felt personally involved.
Most Americans supported the Allies.
Anti-German propaganda (information
intended to sway public opinion) turned many
Americans against the Central Powers
President Wilson proclaimed the US neutral
Isolationism – “Lets worry about ourselves first!”
The Sinking of the Lusitania
May 7,1915, a German U-boat sank the British ship
Lusitania,
Carrying passengers and weapons for the Allies.
U-boat is short for Unterseeboot, German for submarine
128 Americans on board (Brings U.S. closer to war)
Propaganda used to sway public opinion against
Germany
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The Sussex Pledge
On March 24,1916 more Americans were killed
when Germany sank the Sussex, a French
passenger steamship.
The Sussex pledge- German government
promise that U-boats would warn ships
before attacking.
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Moving Toward War
On January 31, 1917, Germany announces an end to
the Sussex pledge and a return to unrestricted
submarine warfare.
The United States breaks off diplomatic relations with
Germany.
The German navy did not attack any American ships in
February, the US is hopeful for peace.
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The Zimmermann Note
Britain intercepted a telegram from Germany’s foreign
minister, Arthur Zimmermann to the government of
Mexico.
In the Zimmermann Note- Germany offered to help
Mexico re-claim lands now in the U.S. if Mexico
declared war on the United States.
Mexico and the U.S. do not take the note seriously, but
it sways public opinion to enter the war.
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The War Resolution
Germany continued to sink American ships in
March
On April 6, 1917, President Wilson signed
Congress’s war resolution, bringing the United
States into the war.
Congress passed a Selective Service Act in May
1917, drafting many young men into the military.
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Americans in Europe
By 1918, energetic American soldiers,
nicknamed doughboys, helped replace the tired
fighters of Europe.
Many African Americans volunteered or were
drafted for service.
Served in segregated units
Often relegated to noncombat roles.
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Road to War—Assessment
Which of the following best describes America’s reaction to U-boat attacks on
passenger ships?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
“Eh… it’s just one boat”
Propaganda spreads across U.S., increasing cry for war
United States immediately declares war on Germany
We declared war on Mexico, an ally of Germany
What was the breaking point of American neutrality in the “Great War”?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
German U-boat attacks on Allied ships.
Nasty propaganda began to upset Americans.
Britain begged us repeatedly until we gave in.
Germany urging Mexico to declare war on the U.S.
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Road to War—Assessment
Which of the following best describes America’s reaction to U-boat attacks on
passenger ships?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
“Eh… it’s just one boat”
Propaganda spreads across U.S., increasing cry for war
United States immediately declares war on Germany
We declared war on Mexico, an ally of Germany
What was the breaking point of American neutrality in the “Great War”?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
German U-boat attacks on Allied ships.
Nasty propaganda began to upset Americans.
Britain begged us repeatedly until we gave in.
Germany urging Mexico to declare war on the U.S.
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Weapons of WWI
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Modern Warfare
People were not prepared for the new, highly
efficient killing machines used in World War I.
Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells,
and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers.
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Bolt action Rifles
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Machine Guns
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Grenades
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Artillery
The Paris Gun
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Financing the War
Modern warfare required huge amounts of
money and personnel.
Rationing-controlled distribution of resources
Sacrifices were made by US citizens.
Liberty Bonds- war bonds to support the Allies.
Redeemed later for their original value plus interest.
Patriotic Americans raised more than $20 billion for
the war effort.
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Managing the Economy
US industries switched from commercial to
military production.
Daylight savings time was created to save
on fuel use and increase daylight hours
available for work
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Enforcing Loyalty
Fear of
Fear of espionage (spying) was
Foreigners widespread; restrictions on immigration
were called for.
Freedom of speech was reduced
Repression during the war. (speech or action
that encourages rebellion, became a
of Civil
Liberties
crime). Sedition Act of 1918
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Turning the Tide of War
Spring of 1918 Russia pulls out of the War to
deal with the Bolshevik Revolution.
Before the US arrives, Germany was able to
come within 50 miles of Paris.
The German army was driven to full retreat on
September 26, 1918.
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Ending the War
The Central Powers collapse.
Austria-Hungary splintered into smaller nations of
ethnic groups
German soldiers mutinied, feeling that defeat was
inevitable.
Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany fled to Holland
Members of the new German republic signed an
armistice (or cease-fire) in a French railroad car
at 5am on November 11, 1918.
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Results of the War
Dead and
Wounded
-Death Toll: 8 million soldiers and
civilians.
-Many more had lost limbs or been
blinded by poison gas.
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Americans on the Home Front—
Assessment
Which of the following best describes Hoover’s strategy for food
conservation?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Creation of new government agencies
Price controls and rationing
Sale of Liberty Bonds
Voluntary restraint and increased efficiency
Why did the war provide new opportunities for women and minorities?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Many white men were away fighting the war.
Women proved to be better farm workers than men.
African Americans were less likely to be guilty of sedition.
Radical labor organizers gained popularity.
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Americans on the Home Front—
Assessment
Which of the following best describes Hoover’s strategy for food
conservation?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Creation of new government agencies
Price controls and rationing
Sale of Liberty Bonds
Voluntary restraint and increased efficiency
Why did the war provide new opportunities for women and minorities?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Many white men were away fighting the war.
Women proved to be better farm workers than men.
African Americans were less likely to be guilty of sedition.
Radical labor organizers gained popularity.
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End of the War
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President Wilson’s Proposals
Fourteen Points- Wilson’s program for peace
Contained 14 parts
Called for:
an end to entangling alliances;
a reduction of military forces.
The right of Austria-Hungary’s nationalities to
self-determination (the right to rule
themselves)
During peace negotiations, Wilson’s Fourteen
Points were discarded one by one.
Wilson Forced to Compromise
Wilson claimed that he was not interested
in the spoils, or rewards, of war
“To the victor go the spoils”
Other Allied Powers wanted to make the
Central Powers pay for war damages.
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The Paris Peace Conference
League of Nations- (One of Wilson’s ideas),
Bring peace and security to nations around world
Current Day “United Nations”
Congress concerned this alliance would draw
the United States into unpopular foreign wars
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The Peace Treaty
Treaty of Versailles – Signed on June 28, 1919
-Signed at Versailles, outside of Paris.
Redrew map of Europe
Required Germany to pay billions of dollars in
war reparations, or payments for economic
injury suffered during the war
 Wilson believed that these demands would
upset Germany and lead to future wars.
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Global Peacemaker—Assessment
What was the League of Nations?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The reassignment of lands in Europe
A demand to Germany to pay war reparations
A global organization to maintain peace and security
A new secret alliance system
Why did Wilson oppose French demands for German war reparations?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
He thought that Germany should be forced to pay more.
He felt that these demands would lead to future wars.
He did not think that France needed the money.
He wanted other nations to pay reparations instead.
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Global Peacemaker—Assessment
What was the League of Nations?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The reassignment of lands in Europe
A demand to Germany to pay war reparations
A global organization to maintain peace and security
A new secret alliance system
Why did Wilson oppose French demands for German war reparations?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
He thought that Germany should be forced to pay more.
He felt that these demands would lead to future wars.
He did not think that France needed the money.
He wanted other nations to pay reparations instead.
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