Transcript chap 4
Chapter 4: “Walk Like An Egyptian” 3100 B.C. – 671 B.C. The Nile • Longest river in the world • Flows north – Central Africa to Med. Sea • Most Ancient Egyptians lived in the area • Flooded every July – Rich soil used for growing crops – Used irrigation system • SHADOOF used to control water Old Kingdom • Narmer – 3100 B.C. – King of Upper/Lower Egypt • 2600 B.C. – Cities centers of religion & government – Most people lived on large estates on Nile River RICH • Wood or mud bricks • Elegant homes w/ paintings POOR • Sun or mud brick • Palm leaves for roofs • Most were farmers Daily Life • Family Life – Treasured children – Women & men almost equal – Boys learned trade from father & girls learned to work around house w/ mother – Marriage usually took place around 12-yrs-old • Food and Cooking – Done in clay ovens – Drink: beer, milk, wine, water – Food: bread, vegetables and dried fish • Clothing – Made of linens – Men: short skirt (kilt) – Women: Straight fitting dress w/ straps – Kings would wear decorated sandals • Jewelry – – – – Everyone wore Rich: gold & silver Poor: copper & quartz Rings worn to ward off evil spirits Leisure • Fishing, hunting, fowling, swimming, boat games • Extravagant parties • Loved dance & music: harp, lyre, flute • Religious plays • Cats, dogs and exotic animals as pets • Games – Used balls, racing and rough competitions – Wooden boats and animals – Board games How to Play Senet 1. Throw the sticks to see how many squares to move your piece forward. 2. If you throw a one, four, or six, you get an extra turn. 3. You can't land on one of your own pieces. 4. If you land on the other player's piece, you switch places with them. However, you can't switch with them if they have two or more pieces in a row. 5. If the other player has three or more pieces in a row, you can't pass them. 6. Some squares are ‘safe' squares and some are ‘danger' squares. You will learn what they are as you play. 7. The first player to get all of their pieces off the board wins the game. Pharaoh: “Great House” • Was a King/Priest/God and center of life • Owned & controlled land – Gave gifts of land to the rich – Ordered repairs & building of granaries (buildings for storing grain) • Chose government officials & made laws • Carried out rituals Famous Pharaohs Akhenaten Cleopatra Hatshepsut Tutankhamen Ramesses the Great Hatshepsut • 1st Female Pharaoh – 1473 - 1458 B.C. • Rise to Power – Married her ½ brother Tuthmosis II. When he died, the throne passed to his son Tuthmosis III. b/c he was very young, Hatshepsut took over. Years later, Hatshepsut declared herself "king" and began wearing the false beard and garments of a pharaoh. • Famous expedition to Punt Cleopatra • Last female pharaoh – 51 to 30 B.C. • Rise to Power – Cleopatra came from the Greek Ptolemy family that had ruled Egypt for 300 years. Cleopatra's father died when she young. To continue the dynasty she married her younger brother and they began a joint rule; however, they hated each other, and fighting broke out b/w them. The great Roman general, Julius Caesar, helped her take the throne. • Quest for her son to be leader of both Egypt & Rome King Tut • Ruled: 1333 -1324 B.C. • "Living Image of Aten“ – Sun God • 8-years-old at start of his reign • Didn’t do much during his reign – Believed he may have had advisors to help him: Ay & Hermhab • Died suddenly at age 18 or 19 • Howard Carter discovered his tomb almost intact in Valley of Kings Tomb of King Tut Was It Murder? Religious Beliefs • Believed in Gods – over 2,000 Hapi Re Osiris “River God” “Sun God” “God of harvest & eternal life” • Believed souls of the dead went to the underworld •1. Had to pass tests of good deeds •2. Have your name written on a cartouche (name plate) •3. Have your body preserved •Embalming – preserving the body •Believed soul could not live w/o body Pyramids Kuhfu & Sphinx • Built to protect from floods, robbers and animals – Also “place of ascension” = spirit could rise to stars • Built on the west bank of river = House of Eternity • Created using copper tools & ramps • Made of granite & limestone bricks • Took around 20 years and around 8,000 skilled workers to build Famous Pyramids • Saqqara – 1st in 2650 – Built for pharaoh Djoser – Step pyramid built with stone tombs • mastabas • Pyramids of Giza – Built for Sneferu’s descendants – King Khufu = largest Egyptian pyramid • 480 ft tall • 2 million stones The Sphinx • Half-human and half-lion • Guard the Pyramids • Riddle: Which creature in the morning goes on four feet, at noon on two, and in the evening upon three?" Death and the Afterlife • Death was a brief interruption before afterlife • Traveled the Nile on Ra’s boat to the Land of the Two Fields to dwell forever authorized by Osiris • Human body had 3 Spirits at Death – 1. BA: returned to family during the day – 2. KA: lived in the afterlife – If something happened to the preserved body or if your name was not written down, they could not go back to the body. • You would disappear forever, no longer happy in your afterlife – Grave robbers not only stole someone's wealth, they stole their chance to live happily ever after in the Egyptian afterlife. – 3. AKH: kind of ghost that rose to the stars • Egyptians believed in the Book of the Dead – Magical spells on text that would help them reach the afterlife • Grave Goods – Items that people brought into their tombs for their afterlife • • • • • • Small Sculptures of jobs Toys/Games Food/Drink Money/Gold Clothing/Jewelry Boats/Furniture/Statues • Before judgment for the afterlife people needed to be accepted based on the maat – Notion of order and mortality Maat – 1. Had to pass tests of good deeds • Weigh the heart against the feather of truth • Thoth records the results • Horus leads person to Osiris to learn his fate – 2. Name written on a cartouche (name plate) – 3. Body will be preserved Mummification • 1. Way to preserve a body Drain body fluids & covered with salt called natron 2. Wrapped w/ long strips of linen 3. Body placed in a sarcophagus (coffin) • Buried w/ grave goods (personal belongings) – Statues, jewelry, clothing, toys, etc. Middle Kingdom: 2300 – 1786 B.C. • Pharaohs no longer built pyramids • 1786 B.C. – Egypt was invaded by Hyksos (people from W. Asia) • Used weapons of bronze & iron & horse drawn chariots • 1550 B.C. – Egypt Prince Ahmose drove Hyksos out New Kingdom • • • Egypt became richer & cities grew Thutmose III took control of Syria & Palestine Decline of Egypt 1. Struggle between priests & pharaohs over power 2. Pharaohs attempt to keep neighboring countries under Egyptian control 3. $ spent on making weapons to fight other countries • • 1150 B.C.– Empire gone 671 B.C. – Taken over by Assyrians Contributions Rosetta Stone Medicine Papyrus & Ink Major Contributions Mathematics Calendar • Mathematics – # system based on 10 – Fractions/whole #’s – Geometry • Calendar – 3 seasons – 120 days each – 5 special days for feasts of Gods • Medicine – 1st specialists in medicine Rosetta Stone • For 1400 years, no one knew how to read hieroglyphics • 1799 – French soldier found a black slab of stone on the Nile • Carved w/ 3 different scripts – 1 hieroglyphics – 1 demotic – 1 Greek • Allowed people to translate hieroglyphics • Jean-François Champollion – Unlocked mystery and published results in 1822 Hieroglyphics • Created around 3100 B.C. • Means “sacred carved writing” • Symbol was drawn to represent a certain sound or syllable – Symbols were written together to make a word • Read from top to bottom or depending which way the animal faces were turned • No punctuation • Vowels would be said using a consonant after such as “ahhhh” Phone Phone sounds like F + long O + N. You don't hear the P, H, or E. F YES! O N NO!