Transcript Rape is… - Binus Repository

Matakuliah
Tahun
: L0472 - Psikologi Forensik
: Feb -2010
Sexual Offending
Pertemuan 08
Sexual Offending
Reza Indragiri Amriel
Sesi 8
Sex Crimes Statistics
From the Rape, Abuse, & Incest National Network and the U.S. Department of Justice
• Somewhere in America, a woman is sexually assaulted every 2
minutes. Approximately 68% of rape victims knew their assailant.
• Between 1995 and 1996, more than 670,000 women were the
victims of rape, attempted rape, or sexual assault.
• Approximately 68% of rape victims knew their assailant.
• One of every four rapes takes place in a public area or in a parking
garage.
• 29% of female victims reported that the offender was a stranger.
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68% of rapes occur between the hours of 6 PM and 6 AM.
At least 45% of rapists were under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
In 29% of rapes, the offender used a weapon.
In 47% of rapes, the victim sustained injuries other than rape
injuries.
• 75% of female rape victims require medical care after the attack.
• According to the American Psychological Association Presidential
Task Force on Violence and the Family, approximately one-third of
all juvenile victims of sexual abuse are children younger than 6
years old.
• One in two rape victims is under age 18; one in six is under age 12.
• About 81% of rape victims are white; 18% are black; 1% are other
races.
• In 1995, 32,130 males age 12 and older were victims of rape,
attempted rape, or sexual assault.
• Teens 16 to 19 were three and one-half times more likely than the
general population to be victims of rape, attempted rape, or sexual
assault.
• Those with a household income under $7,500 were twice as likely
as the general population to be victims of a sexual assault.
Rape is…
“Forced sexual intercourse including both psychological
coercion as well as physical force. Forced sexual
intercourse means penetration by the offender(s).
Includes attempted rapes, male as well as female
victims, and both heterosexual and homosexual rape.
Attempted rape includes verbal threats of rape.”
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/glance/rape.cfm
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/glance/tables/viortrdtab.cfm
KUHP (Pasal Pencabulan)
Pasal 285 KUHP "Barangsiapa dengan kekerasan atau ancaman kekerasan
memaksa seorang wanita bersetubuh dengan dia di luar perkawinan,
diancam karena perkosaan denganpidana penjara paling lama dua belas tahun“
Pasal 286 KUHP
"Barangsiapa bersetubuh dengan wanita diluar perkawinan padahal
diketahuinya wanita itu dalam keadaan pingsan atau tidak berdaya , diancam
pidana penjara paling lama sembilan tahun“
Pasal 287 KUH
"Barangsiapa bersetubuh dengan wanita diluar perkawinan , padahal
diketahuinya atau sepatutnya harus diduganya bahwa umurnya belum lima
belas tahun atau kalau umurnya tidak jelas , belum waktunya dikawin , diancam
pidana paling lama sembilan tahun“
Pasal 288 KUHP
(1) "Barangsiapa dalam perkawinan bersetubuh dengan seorang wanita yang
diketahuinya atau sepatutnya harus diduganya bahwa yang bersangkutan
belum waktunya dikawin , apabila perbuatan itu mengakibatkan luka-luka
diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama empat tahun
KUHP lanjutan
Pasal 294 KUHP
(1) "Barangsiapa melakukan perbuatan cabul dengan anaknya yang belum
dewasa , anak tiri atau anak pungutnya , anak peliharaannya atau dengan
seorang yang belum dewasa yang dipercayakan kepadanya untuk
ditanggung ,
dididik atau dijaga atau dengan bujang bawahannya yang belum dewasa ,
dihukum penjara selama-lamanya tujuh tahun.
(2) dengan hukuman serupa dihukum :
(a) pegawai negri yang melakukan perbuatan cabul dengan orang yang
dibawah
perintahnya atau dengan orang yang dipercayakan kepadanya untuk dijaga
(b) pengurus , tabib , guru , pegawai , mandor (opzichter) atau bujang
dalam penjara , rumah tempat melakukan pekerjaan untuk negri
(landwerkinricting) , rumah pendidikan , rumah piatu , rumah sakit ingatan
, atau balai derma , yang melakukan pencabulan terhadap orang yang
ditempatkan disitu.
Pasal 297 KUHP
"Memperniagakan perempuan dan memperniagakan laki-laki yang belum
dewasa
dihukum penjara selama-lamanya empat tahun"
Rape trauma syndrome
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What is a syndrome?
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A set of symptoms specific to a single causative agent
Are rape victims exhibiting a specific set of symptoms that implies that they have
actually been raped?
Symptoms seen in rape victims:
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Acute phase:
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Long-term reactions
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Shaking or trembling (96%) - racing heart (80%) - pain (72%)
Tight muscles (68%) – rapid breathing (64%) – numbness (60%)
Depression (and suicide)
Self-blame – helplessness
20-25% have no symptoms after one year
Phobias
Sexual problems – disturbances in general functioning (eating and sleeping)
Changes in life-style (move - job- phone number)
Are these symptoms specific to rape?
Rape trauma syndrome
• Post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD
– RTS is a subset of PTSD
• PTSD primary symptoms:
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Psychic numbing
Intrusive re-experiencing of the traumatic episode
• Plus 2 of the following:
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Sleep problems – anger – difficulty concentrating – hypervigilance – exaggerated startle
response – physiological reactivity to exposure to a similar event.
Do courts accept expert testimony on RTS?
Rape trauma syndrome
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Courts have been reluctant to accept RTS
Two major reasons
– Symptoms are not specific to RTS but can be the results of other
causes
– Syndrome implies that the rape did occur (undue influence --- prejudicial
to accused)
How can the expert testify?
– Victim’s behavior is consistent with PTSD
– Normalizing victim’s behaviors
• For example delay in reporting – unable to identify the attacker