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Chapter 1
Introduction:
Historical and Scientific
Considerations
Abnormal Psychology, Eighth Edition
by
Gerald C. Davison and John M. Neale
Lecture notes created by Paul J. Wellman, Texas A&M University
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 1
Psychopathology
• Psychopathology examines the nature
and development of abnormal
– behavior
– thoughts
– feelings
• Definitions of abnormality vary widely
and may not capture all aspects of
psychopathology
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 1.1
Defining Abnormal Behavior I
• Statistical infrequency suggests that rare
behaviors are abnormal
– Normal curve indicates that behaviors are
common while others are rare
• Common behaviors are at middle of normal curve
• Rare behaviors fall at the tails of the curve
• Violation of norms suggests that
abnormality is relative to a cultural/societal
norm
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 1.2
Defining Abnormal Behavior II
• Personal distress suggests that behaviors
that are accompanied by distress are
abnormal
• Disability/dysfunction argues that
impairment of life function can be a
component of abnormal behavior
• Unexpectedness asks whether the
responses of a person to an environmental
stressor are appropriate
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 1.3
Early Views of
Psychopathology
• Demonology is the view that abnormal
mental function is due the occupation by an
evil being of the mind of a person
– Treatment requires exorcism
• Somatogenesis is the view that disturbed
body function produces mental abnormality
• Psychogenesis is the belief that mental
disturbance has psychological origins
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 1.4
Demonology During the Dark
Ages
• The Dark ages were marked by a decline
in Greek and Roman civilizations and by
an increase of influence of churches
• Church authorities came to view witchcraft
as an explanation of abnormality
– Witches were in the league with the Devil
– Torture was required to elicit “confessions” of
witchcraft; death by fire was required to drive
out supposed demons
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 1.5
Asylums
• Asylums were created in the 15th century
for the care/treatment of the mentally ill.
– Asylums were meant to be a place of refuge
– Care and treatment within an asylum was not
always humane or effective
• Pinel (1793) advocated for humane
treatment of patients in asylums
– Removed shackles, improved diet, better
treatment
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 1.6
Modern Approaches to Mental
Illness
• Systems of classification were developed
which argued that mental illness has a
biological cause
– Kraepelin suggested that clusters of
symptoms form a syndrome
– Each syndrome has its own unique cause,
course, symptoms, treatment, and outcome
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 1.7
Causation of Mental Illness
• Physical disorder: general paresis involves
paralysis and cognitive changes
– General paresis was linked to brain destruction brought
on by the infection related to syphilis
• Psychogenesis is the view that psychological
issues can produce mental disorder
– Breuer used hypnosis to induce patients to recall their
troubled past; some patients experienced mental relief.
– Breuer’s technique is the cathartic method
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 1.8
Scientific Paradigms
• Paradigms are conceptual frameworks
that scientists use to study the world
– Paradigms include assumptions about
science and methods
– Paradigms dictate what will and will not be
studied (e.g. few scientists study ESP today)
– Paradigms can dictate the methods used by a
scientist (introspection versus
experimentation)
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 1.9
Copyright
Copyright 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
All rights reserved. No part of the material protected
by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any
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information storage and retrieval system, without
written permission of the copyright owner.
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e