Transcript Huffman PowerPoint Slides

PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 8
Psychophysiological Disorders
and
Health Psychology
Abnormal Psychology, Eighth Edition
by
Gerald C. Davison and John M. Neale
Lecture notes created by Paul J. Wellman, Texas A&M University
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8
Psychophysiological Disorders
• Psychophysiological Disorders involve
genuine physical disorders
– Physical symptoms can be caused by or
worsened by emotional distress
– The category recognizes that a broad range of
diseases involving the circulatory, respiratory,
digestive and central nervous systems can be
influenced by stress
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.1
Definitions of Stress
• Stress is:
– An environmental condition that triggers
psychopathology
– A response to environmental conditions that leads to
emotional upset, deteriorating performance or
physiological changes
• Stressors are stimuli
• Cognitive view of stress places emphasis on the
interpretation of external stimuli
– Coping refers to how people deal with stress
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.2
The General Adaptation
Syndrome
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.3
Measuring Stress
• The Social Readjustment Rating Scale
– Asked subjects to rate various life experiences for
stress impact (marriage = 500)
– Total score on the scale is correlated with diseases
such as heart attack and leukemia
• Assessment of Daily Experience
– Subjects record and rate their life experiences during
each day
– Subsequent study has shown that adverse life events
increase prior to an illness
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.4
Biological Theories of the
Stress-Illness Link
• Somatic-Weakness theory holds that a weak
organ system may be susceptible to disruption
by stress
• Specific-Reaction theory suggests that people
respond to stress in unique ways, some organ
systems show greater reactivity than do other
systems
• Stress diminishes the function of the immune
system
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.5
Psychological Theories of the
Stress-Illness Link
• Psychoanalytic view holds that specific
conflicts give rise to psychophysiological
disorders
• Cognitive-Behavioral view proposes that
humans have higher cognitive functions
which can amplify and extend the duration
of arousal of our bodies
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.6
Hypertension
• Hypertension is high blood pressure (bp)
– Hypertension leads to heart attacks and
strokes
• Systolic bp is arterial pressure during contraction of
the ventricles of the heart
• Diastolic bp is arterial pressure during relaxation of
the ventricles of the heart
– Increased bp is brought on by increased
cardiac output (more blood leaving the heart)
or by vasoconstriction of the arteries
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.7
Stress and BP
• Stressful conditions produce a short-term
increase in blood pressure
– These increases return to baseline when the stressor
is withdrawn
• Studies of blood pressure done on ambulatory
subjects reveal that anger is most strongly linked
to elevated bp
– The changes were large in a subset of subjects
– Reactivity refers to increased bp and heart rate in
response to stress
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.8
Coronary Heart Disease
• Coronary Heart Disease refers to
– Angina pectoris: periodic chest pains
• Reduced oxygen supply to heart
– Myocardial infarction: heart attack
• Brought on by a cutoff of oxygen to the heart muscle
• Risk factors for MI include age, gender (males), elevated
blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, obesity, physical
inactivity, excessive use of alcohol and diabetes
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.9
Diatheses for CHD
• Psychological diatheses for CHD include:
– Type A behavior pattern (time urgency, competitive,
aggressive/hostile)
– High levels of anger
– Cynicism
– Type D personality: high levels of anger, anxiety and
depression as well as low levels of emotional
expression
• Biological diatheses: focus is on reactivity
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.10
AIDS
• AIDS
– Is a fatal disease caused viral infection
– Compromises the immune system
• AIDS
– Arises from irrational and self-defeating behavior
– Is not presently curable or preventable by medical
means
– Is preventable by psychological means
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.11
Therapies for
Psychophysiological Disorders
• Drug interventions can be used to reduce the
physical symptoms brought on by stress
• Reduction of anxiety, depression or anger is a key
element in the treatment of stress-related disorders
– Psychoanalysis: uses free association
– Cognitive/behavioral: uses systematic desensitization, in
vivo exposure, assertion training
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.12
Treating Hypertension
• Non-pharmacological treatments include:
– Losing weight
– Reducing salt intake
– Giving up smoking
– Limiting alcohol intake
– Getting regular exercise
– Relaxation training
– Reducing anger
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.13
Stress Management
• Stress Management is a set of techniques used to
cope with stress
– Arousal can be reduced through relaxation training or by
biofeedback
– Cognitive restructuring can be used to alter the thought
patterns of a person and to increase their perceived level
of control
– Behavioral skills training relating to time management and
how to prioritize
– Train the person in how to alter their environment
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.14
Pain Management
• Pain can be modified by
– Distraction
– Refocusing attention
– Lowering anxiety
– Effecting a sense of control over pain
– relabeling the sensation as tickling or
numbness
– Use of biofeedback
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 8.15
Copyright
Copyright 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. All
rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this
copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording or by any information storage
and retrieval system, without written permission of the
copyright owner.
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e