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Chapter 3
Classification and Diagnosis
Abnormal Psychology, Eighth Edition
by
Gerald C. Davison and John M. Neale
Lecture notes created by Paul J. Wellman, Texas A&M University
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 3
Diagnostic Systems
• Diagnostic systems assume that
abnormality can be detected and
classified by clusters of symptoms and
signs
– Each cluster is thought to reflect a different
disorder
– Each cluster may require a different
treatment
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 3.1
DSM-IV Classification System
• DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) is a
revised diagnostic classification system created
by the American Psychiatric Association
• DSM-IV makes use of 5 distinct axes to classify a
disorder
• DSM-IV was designed to more accurately classify
psychiatric disorder (relative to earlier DSM
versions)
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 3.2
Five Axes of DSM-IV
AXIS DESCRIPTION
I
All categories except personality disorder and
mental retardation
II
Personality disorders and mental retardation
III
General medical conditions
IV
Psychosocial and environmental problems
V
Current level of functioning
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 3.3
Overview of DSM-IV
Categories
• Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy,
childhood or adolescence
– Involve early emotional/intellectual disorder
• Substance-related disorders
– Ingestion of a drug impairs social/occupational
functioning
• Schizophrenia
– Involves faulty contact with reality
– May involve delusions (disordered thoughts)
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 3.4a
• Mood disorders
– Involve large swings in emotional affect
• Anxiety disorders
– Involve some form of irrational or overblown
fear
• Somatoform disorders
– Involve physical symptoms that have no
known physiological cause
• Dissociative disorders
– Involve a sudden alteration of consciousness
that affects memory and identity
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 3.4b
• Sexual/gender identity disorders
– Involve dysfunction or discomfort with sexual
function or identity
• Sleep disorders
– Involve disturbance in amount of sleep or
events during sleep
• Eating disorders
– Involve under- or over-eating
• Factitious disorder
– Involved in persons who produce or complain
of psychological symptoms (sick role)
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 3.4c
• Impulse control disorder
– Involve several conditions in which a person’s
behavior is inappropriate or out of control
• Personality disorders
– Involve enduring, inflexible and maladaptive
patterns of behavior and inner experience
• Other conditions that may be the focus of
clinical attention
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 3.4d
Classification Critiques
• Classification systems do not always
capture the uniqueness of a person
• Classification systems may emphasize
trivial similarities between abnormal
conditions
• Classification may result in a label that is
harmful to the person
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 3.5
Classification Issues
• Categorical classification is when a system
makes a yes/no decision as to the
presence/absence of a disorder
– Schizophrenic/not schizophrenic
• Dimensional classification involves ranking
of a person along a quantitative dimension
– Dimensional can include a cutoff point that will
yield a categorical classification
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 3.6
Assessment Issues
• Reliability refers to the extent to which a
measurement system yields similar
values with repeated measures of an
object or entity
– Interrater reliability examines the degree of
agreement for two raters of the same object
• Construct validity evaluates the extent to
which accurate predictions can be made
about a category once it has been formed
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e
Ch 3.7
Copyright
Copyright 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. All
rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this
copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording or by any information storage
and retrieval system, without written permission of the
copyright owner.
© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e